用英语说中国秦朝
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用英语说中国秦朝：General 概况
Much of what came to constitute China Proper was unified for the first time in 221 B. C.
中国本土的大部分地区在公元前221年获得了统一。
In that year the western frontier state of Qin, the most aggressive of the Warring States, subjugated the last of its rival states. (Qin in Wade-Giles Romanization is Ch’in, from which the English China probably derived.)
那一年，战国时代最具野心的国度——地处西陲的秦国征服了最后一个对手。(“Qin”在威玛妥式拼音法里的发音是“Ch’in”，这也是“中国”英文发音的来源。)
Once the king of Qin consolidated his power, he took the title Shi Huangdi (First Emperor), a formulation previously reserved for deities and the mythological sage-emperors, and imposed Qin's centralized, nonhereditary bureaucratic system on his new empire.
秦朝的国君一确立自己的统治，就自称“始皇帝”(意为“第一问君主”)，这个名字原先称呼神和神话中的圣明天子的，现在则被始皇帝用来描述秦国的集中且非世袭的官僚体制。
In subjugating the six other major states of Eastern Zhou, the Qin kings had relied heavily on Legalist scholar-advisers.
在征服东周的其他六个主要国家时，秦国曾经非常依赖与法家学派的谏言者。
Centralization, achieved by ruthless methods, was focused on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures, the forms of writing and coinage, and the pattern of thought and scholarship.
从冷酷的执政下获得的中央集权关注于标准化的法令和官僚流程、造币和书写的形式以及学派的思考模式。
To silence criticism of imperial rule， the kings banished or put to death many dissenting Confucian scholars and confiscated and burned their books.
为了消除人们对于帝国统治的异议，秦始皇放逐或处死了许多持不同意见的儒家学派学者，并把他们的典籍没收和焚烧。
Qin aggrandizement was aided by frequent military expeditions pushing forward the frontiers in the north and south.
秦朝的扩张是借助于频繁的军事远征来扩大其版图的北部和南部。
To fend off barbarian intrusion, the fortification walls built by the various warring states were connected to make a 5 000-kilometer-long great wall.
为了抵御蛮族人的进犯，由战国的一些国家建造的防御城墙被连接起来构成了一个长达5000千米的长城。
What is commonly referred to as the Great Wall is actually four great walls rebuilt or extended during the Western Han, Sui, Jin, and Ming periods, rather than a single, continuous wall.
我们通常所说的长城其实是在西汉、隋朝、晋朝和明朝时期重建和扩展的四座长城而不是一座单一的持续了很长时间的长城。
At its extremities, the Great Wall reaches from northeastern Heilongjiang Province to northwestern Gansu.
长城最远从黑龙江省的东北部一直延伸至甘肃省的西北部。
A number of public works projects were also undertaken to consolidate and strengthen imperial rule.
还有其他一些公共事业项目在进行以稳固和强化帝国的统治。
These activities required enormous levies of manpower and resources ， not to mention repressive measures.
这些活动需要征集大量的人力和物力，更不必说一些镇压措施了。
Revolts broke out as soon as the first Qin emperor died in 210 B. C.
秦始皇在公元前210年一去世，反叛就立刻爆发了。
His dynasty was extinguished less than twenty years after its triumph.
他的王朝在胜利之后仅仅存在了不到20年。
The imperial system initiated during the Qin dynasty, however, set a pattern that was developed over the next two millennia.
然而，由秦朝首创的国家体系为今后两千多年的朝代建立了模式并得以发展。
用英语说中国秦朝：The Despotic Rule of Qin 秦的暴政
The First Emperor not only unified the country's territory, he also unified the laws, the written language, currency, and a system of weights and measurements.
秦始皇不仅统一了中国，还统一了法律、文字、货币和度量衡。
The writ of the Qin Empire spread far and wide, giving rise to its international name “ China”，which was a transliteration of “Qin”.
秦朝的法令广为流传，它因此获得了一个国际名号“China”，这是“Qin”的音译。
Unification of the country freed the people of incessant wars.
国家的统一使人们免于接连的战争。
The despotic rule of the emperor， however， plunged them into another abyss of suffering.
然而君主的暴政将他们推入了另一个苦难的深渊。
Qin law was harsh and merciless, embodied by many gruesome punishments.
秦朝的法令是严酷且残忍的，具体表现为很多可怕的惩罚。
The death penalty could be carried out by tearing apart the convict alive by typing his four limbs and head to five wagons pulling in five directions, or slashing him into halves by the waist, cutting open his belly, or boiling him in a big pot, etc.
死刑的执行可能是将罪犯的四肢和头绑在五匹马车上向五个方向活生生地拉死，也可能是从腰部将其砍成两段又或是剖开犯人的腹部或将他放入大锅中煮沸。
Other punishments included the cutting off of a foot, a nose, or the inscription and inking of marks on the face, etc.
另外一些惩罚还包括砍掉一条腿或鼻子、在脸上刻字或刻图案等等。
Even petty mistakes could bring on severe punishment.
就算是小错也可能带来严厉的惩罚。
Also, when a man got into trouble, his family, friends, and colleagues could all be incriminated.
如果一个人犯了错误，他的家人、朋友和同事也同样会被治罪。
As the First Emperor believed only in power politics, his ministers vied to cater to his whims by wantonly meting out punishment.
因为秦始皇只相信强权政治，官员们争先通过肆意行刑来迎合他的喜好。
Harsh laws and cruel officials made life near impossible for the people.
严酷的刑法和残忍的官员让人们几乎难以生存下去。
The terracotta warriors and horses in the tomb of the First Emperor and the Great Wall built on his orders are regarded as wonders of human civilization.
秦始皇陵里的兵马俑和在他指令下修建的长城被认为是人类文明的奇观。
They also stand as testimony to the sweat and blood shed by the builders.
但它们同样是建造者血汗的证明。
Research has shown that it would have taken two months for five to six people to construct each life-size terracotta soldier or horse.
研究显示，建造每一个真人大小的陶俑需要耗费五到六个工人两个月的时间。
It boggles the imagination as to how many people had to toil for how long to produce the tens represent merely one of the numerous large-scale projects carried out during his reign.
我们简直难以想象有多少人在其在位间会要做多久的苦工来建造他数以万计的大规模工程中有代表性的一个。
The population was about 20 million back then, with more than 2 million people subject to forced labor every year!
那个时候的人口大概有20000000，每年却又超过2000000的人被迫去做苦力。
Moreover, the First Emperor did everything to control peopled thinking.
不仅如此，秦始皇用尽一切办法来控制人们的思想。
For instance, he ordered the burning of all books in 213 B.C, with the exception of the few that were sanctioned by the government.
比如，他在公元前213年下令焚毁所有书籍，除了被政府许可的。
The next year he ordered the killing of more than 460 Confucian scholars by burying them alive.
一年后，他下令活埋超过460名儒学学者。
These atrocities caused immeasurable damage to Chinese culture.
这些暴行对中国的文化造成了难以估量的损害。
The First Emperor died during an inspection tour in the 7th month of 209 BC.
秦始皇死于公元前209年7月的一场巡视。
His second son usurped the throne to become to Second Emperor.
他的二儿子篡权夺位，成为了秦朝的第二任皇帝。
He imposed an even more barbarous rule.
秦二世实行了更为残暴的统治。
The peopled dissent and anger were now brewing like the lava inside a volcano atop of which the dynasty stood.
人民的反对与仇恨就像是这个朝代所站立在的火山内部将要喷涌而出的岩浆。
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