用英语说中国周朝
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用英语说中国周朝：General 概况
In the years around the 10th century BC, after defeating the last Shang (商朝)ruler， King Wu(武王)with a family name of Ji(姬)founded the Zhou Dynasty,
大约公元前10世纪，姬氏家族的武王在打败了商朝的最后一个统治者后，建立了周朝。
making Haojing his capital city, near the present city of Xi'an in Shaanxi Province.
他定都镐京，也就是今天的陕西省西安市附近。
As a semi-nomadic tribe, the Zhou learned how to communicate with people of different cultures and gain the allegiance of disaffected city-states.
作为一个半游牧的部落。周朝人学会了如何与来自不同文化的人交流以及如何获得心怀不满的城邦的忠心。
The early Zhou system was proto-feudal, being a more sophisticated form of earlier tribal organization, in which effective control depended more on familial ties than on feudal legal bonds.
周朝早期的制度就是具有封建制度模型的，而这较之早期的部落体系来说更加复杂。早期部落体系中的有效控制更多的依赖于家族的联系而不是封建法治的维系。
Whatever feudal elements there may have been decreased as time went on，the Zhou amalgam of city-states became progressively centralized and established increasingly impersonal political and economic institutions.
随着时间的推移，不管封建元素是否消退，有不同城邦组成的周朝变得日益集权并且建立了一个更加独立的政治与经济制度。
These developments, which probably occurred in the latter Zhou period, were manifested in greater central control over local governments.
这些发展，可能出现在周朝后期，表明了中央对于地方政府的掌控。
The Zhou adopted much of the Shang lifestyle.
周朝采纳了商朝许多的生活方式。
In order to utilize the knowledge of the Shang artisans, they often imported Shang families or communities to the new towns they built.
为了利用商朝工匠的知识，周朝让商朝的家族或团体居住在他们修建的村庄里。
The Zhou also adopted much of the Shang writing system, rituals, and administration techniques.
周朝还采纳了商朝很多的文字系统、仪式和管理技巧。
Agriculture in Zhou Dynasty was more intensive.
周朝的农业更加集中。
All farming lands were owned by nobles, who then gave their land to their serfs,
贵族拥有所有的土地，然后把这些土地给他们的奴隶。
a piece of land was divided into nine squares in the shape of the character jing, with the grain from the middle square taken by the government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers.
一块地会被划分成“井”字型的九块，中间那块的粮食收归政府所有，旁边土地的粮食分给个体农户。
This way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute them in times of famine or bad harvest.
通过这种方式，政府可以囤积足够的粮食并在饥荒或收成不好时分配粮食。
Some important manufacturing sectors during this period include bronze making, which was integral in making weapons and farming tools.
这个时期重要的生产部门包括青铜制造，而青铜是武器和农具制造中必不可少的一部分。
Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who direct the production of such materials.
同样，这些产业由贵族掌控，他们管理着这些材料的生产。
Historians divide the Zhou era into Western Zhou from late 10th century BC to late 9th century up until 771 BC and Eastern Zhou from 770 up to 221 BC.
历史学家将周朝分为西周(公元前10世纪至公元前9世纪末，直到公元前771年)和东周(公元前770年至公元前221年)。
The beginning year of Western Zhou has been disputed----1122 BC，1027 BC and other years within the hundred years from late 12th century BC to late 11th century BC have been proposed.
西周开始的年份存在争议。有可能是公元前1121年，公元前1027年或者是公元前12世纪至公元前11世纪100年之间的某一年。
Chinese historians take 841 BC as the first year of consecutive annual dating of the history of China, based on the Records of the Grand Historian (史记)by Sima Qian (司马迁).
中国的史学家依据司马迁《史记》的记载将公元前841年定为连续纪年的元年。
From the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the unification by Qin, China was marked by disunity and continuous conflicts.
从东周的开始到秦朝的统一，中国一直处于割据战乱的状态。
用英语说中国周朝：Western Zhou 西周
After defeating the Shang, King Wu founded the Zhou Dynasty, making Haojing his capital city, near the present city of Xi'an in Shaanxi Province.
打败商朝之后，武王建立了周朝。他定都镐京，也就是今天的陕西省西安市附近。
Historians call this period Western Zhou Dynasty (the 11th century B.C.—771 B.C.).
历史学家将这一段时期成为西周(公元前11世纪至公元前771年)。
The Zhou kings maintained control over their vassals for more than two centuries.
周朝的君主维持了超过两个世纪对其诸侯国的统治。
Like the Shang, the Western Zhou achieved a flourishing age during its period of rule.
和商朝一样，周朝在其统治期间达到了鼎盛时代。
However, as generations passed, vassal lords traded and sold land they had acquired from the Zhou kings.
然而，一代代过去了，诸侯们交易、卖出了他们从周王那里得到的土地。
This gradual change in ownership created larger more profitable estates.
这种所有权上逐渐的变化创造了更大、更获利的地产。
In turn, this strengthened position of the feudal lords giving them greater autonomy.
反过来，这种诸侯地位的加强给予了他们更大的自治权。
As the Zhou kings were no longer the sole possessors of the land, the ties of kingship and vassalage inevitably weakened.
当周王不再是土地唯一的所有者，王权和诸侯之间的维系就弱化了。
Added to this, although Zhou was the most powerful kingdom at the time, it actually didn't rule the whole of China, which then consisted of a number of quasi-independent principalities.
进一步说，尽管周王朝是当时最强大的国家，事实上它并没有统治整个中国，而且它还是有许多准备独立的诸侯国构成的。
During the reign of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the central plains had reached the peak of the Bronze Age while the neighboring regions lagged behind.
在商周时期，中原已经达到了青铜时代的顶峰，周围地区却落后了。
In search of more wealth, the Western Zhou launched many wars against those kingdoms.
为了获取更多的财富，西周对那些国家发动了多次战争。
At the same time, the Quanrong, an ancient ethnic group lived in the north¬west, constantly harassed the Zhou, becoming the biggest threat to the Zhou Dynasty.
同时，犬戎，一个生活在西北部的古老的民族，不断攻击周朝，它也成为了周朝最大的威胁。
During his reign King You indulged Baosi, one of his concubines, and this engendered a power struggle within the kingdom.
周幽王在位时沉迷于他的一个妃子褒姒，这造成了王朝内权利的斗争。
The Chinese idioms “A single smile costs one thousand pieces of gold” and “the sovereign rulers are fooled by the beacon fire” have been passed down to us from the King You's reign.
中国的俗语“千金买笑”和“烽火戏诸侯”自周幽王时期流传至今。
King You's neglect of duty finally led to the fall of the dynasty.
周幽王对于国事的疏忽最终导致了王朝的覆灭。
In 771 B.C. when several of the vassals rebelled, the army of the Quanrong ethnic group took its chance, captured Haojing and killed King You.
公元前771年，当许多诸侯国造反时，犬戎族的军队趁机夺取了镐京，杀掉了周幽王。
The Western Zhou Dynasty collapsed.
西周王朝灭亡了。
The next year, in 770 BC, King Ping moved the capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang City in Henan Province).
一年后，公元前770年，平王迁都至洛邑(今天的河南洛阳)。这是东周(公元前770年至公元前221年)的开始。
用英语说中国周朝：Social and Economy 西周的社会与经济
The Western Zhou made a further achievement in social economy.
西周在社会经济方面取得了进一步的成就。
Slaves were popularly exploited in pursuit of the production of greater surpluses, thereby creating wealth for their owners.
为了获得更多的生产剩余，奴隶总是被剥削来为他们的主人创造更多的财富。
Handcrafts progressed in this period and the bronze industry was especially important.
手工艺在这段时期发展进步，而青铜工业是最重要的。
Besides the bronze workshops controlled by the central government, the small kingdoms also had foundries of their own.
除去被中央政府管理的青铜器作坊，小国家同样有他们自己的铸造厂。
Bronze products greatly increased in quality, quantity and variety so that their use covered nearly all aspects of life.
青铜制品的质量、数量和种类大幅上涨以至于生活的每一个方面都被其覆盖。
The Western Zhou Chariot Burial Pit unearthed near Xi'an exemplifies the high technical standard of bronze production of this period.
在西安被开采出的西周战车埋葬坑说明了这一时期青铜制造的高技术水平。
The development of the bronze industry also promoted the prosperity of other industries.
青铜产业的发展同样促进了其他工业的繁荣。
In agriculture, iron tools and the coupling-plough were brought into use for the first time, this greatly enhanced productivity.
在农业上，铁具和耦合犁第一次被投入使用，它们极大地提高了生产力。
Bazaars appeared in some larger towns, where silk, weapons, cattle as well as slaves were traded.
在大一些的城镇，市场出现了，在那里可以买卖丝绸、武器、四轮马车和奴隶。
In addition, script became more widely used.
除此之外，文字得到了更加广泛的使用。
People not only engraved inscriptions on oracle bones, but also engraved epigraphs on thousands of bronze utensils, recording the social life of that time.
人们不再仅仅将铭文刻在龟甲兽骨上，而是将铭文刻在数以千计的青铜器皿上，这些铭文记录了那时的社会生活。
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