用英语说中国的春秋战国
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用英语说中国春秋战国：The Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought 百家争鸣
As an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China, the Hundred Schools of Thought (诸子百家)lasted from 770 BC to 222 BC.
作为中国历史上一个文化与智慧迅速扩展的时代，诸子百家始于公元前770年，终于公元前222年。
Known as the Golden Age of Chinese thought and the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought (百家争鸣)，the period saw the rise of many different schools of thought.
这个时代被誉为中国思想的黄金时期和百家争鸣的时期，它见证了不同思想学派的兴起。
Many of the great Chinese classic texts that originated during this period have had profound influences on Chinese lifestyle and social consciousness lasting to the present day.
不少起源于这个时代的中国古典著作直到今日对中国人的生活方式和社会意识还有着深远的影响。
The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant intellectuals, who were usually employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy.
这个时代的知识型社会以流动的智者为特征，这些智者被不同国家的君主任用为顾问，针对治国之道、治军之道和外交手段提出建议。
Confucianism (儒家思想)is the body of thought that has arguably had the most enduring effect on Chinese life.
儒家思想可能是对于国人生活最具有长远影响的本体思想。
Also known as the School of the Scholars, its written legacy lies in the Confucian Classics, which later became the foundation of the traditional society.
它还被称为学者学派，其文学遗产存在于儒家典籍中，这些典籍为传统社会奠定了基础。
The representative of this thought is Confucius (孔子)，he believed that the only effective system of government necessitated prescribed relationships for each individual: “Let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject.”
这种思想的代表人物是孔子，他坚信政府唯一行之有效的体制必然是个体之间明确规定的关系：“君君，臣臣”。
Furthermore, he contended that a king must be virtuous in order to rule property.
除此之外，他主张君主以仁治国。
Mencius (孟子) was a Confucian disciple who made major contributions to the spread of humanism in Confucian thought, declaring that man, by nature, was inherently good.
孟子是孔子的弟子，他为儒家思想中人道的传播做出了主要贡献，宣扬“人性本善”。
He argued that a ruler could not govern without the people's tacit consent, and that the penalty for unpopular, despotic rule was the loss of the “mandate of heaven”.
他认为一位君主不可能脱离人民的默许而治理国家，而不得人心的惩罚与暴虐的管理是“天命”的缺失。
Another Confucian follower was Xun Zi (荀子)who preached that man is innately selfish and evil,
孔子的另一位继承者是荀子，宣扬“人性本恶”，
he asserted that goodness is attainable only through education and conduct befitting one's status.
他坚称教育是唯一能够获得仁善的渠道，而后天的环境会影响人的仁善。
He also argued that the best form of government is one based on authoritarian control, and that ethics is irrelevant in the context of effective rule.
他还认为国家治理最好的形式应建立在专治管理之上，仁义道德与有效统治的环境没有关系。
Legalism (法家思想)greatly influenced the philosophical basis for the imperial form of government.
法家思想深刻地影响了国家管理形式的哲学基础。
During the Han Dynasty, the most practical elements of Confucianism and Legalism were taken to form a sort of synthesis, marking the creation of a new form of government that would remain largely intact until the late 19th century.
在汉代，儒家思想和法家思想中最实用的元素被结合起来，创造了一种政府管理的新模式，这种模式一直被完整保留到19世纪末期。
As the second most significant stream of Chinese thought, the Zhou period also saw the development of Taoism (道家思想).
中国同样见证了国学思想中第二主要的流派——道家思想的发展。
Its formulation is often attributed to the legendary sage Lao Zi (老子)and Zhuang Zi (庄子).
它由传说中的圣人老子和庄子所构建。
The focus of Taoism is on the individual within the natural realm rather than the individual within society;
道家思想的核心在于自然境界中的个人而不是社会中的个人。
according to Taoism, the goal of life for each individual is to seek to adjust oneself and adapt to the rhythm of the natural world, to follow the Way of the universe, to live in harmony.
根据道家思想，每个人的生活目标应该是调整自我来适应自然世界的节奏，顺应宇宙的模式，和谐生活。
The school of Mohism (墨家思想)was founded upon the doctrine of Mozi (墨子).
墨家学派是基于墨子思想而创立的。
Though the school did not survive through the Qin Dynasty， Mohism was seen as a major rival of Confucianism in the period of the Hundred Schools of Thought.
尽管这个学派在秦朝没有得以发展，墨家思想仍被认为是百家争鸣学派中儒家思想的主要竞争对手。
Its philosophy rested on the idea of universal love: Mozi believed that “all men are equal before heaven”, and that mankind should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love.
它的理论在于“兼爱”的思想。墨子相信“人人平等”，认为人们应该通过兼爱来模仿天志。
His epistemology can be regarded as primitive materialist empiricism; he believed that our cognition ought to be based on our perceptions—our sensory experiences, such as sight and hearing—instead of imagination or internal logic, elements founded on our capacity for abstraction.
他的理论可以被看作是最原始的唯物主义。他相信我们的认知应该建立在我们的感觉，也就是我们的感官体验例如视觉和听觉上，而不应该建立在想象、内在联系或是以抽象概念为基础的元素上。
In a word, the scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought” brought forth in the Spring and Autumn Period 2 500 years ago and the Warring States Period over 2 200 years ago and the emergence of various schools of thought and their exponents such as Lao Zi and Confucius about 2400 years ago all occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy.
总而言之，“百家争鸣”的景象出现在2500年前的春秋时期和2200年前的战国时期。2400年前，诸子百家的出现以及他们的倡导者老子和孔子都在世界哲学史的发展过程中占据了重要地位。
用英语说中国春秋战国：Political Reforms of Shang Yang 商鞅变法
Lord Shang Yang introduced two political reforms to the state of Qin in the Warring States Period (475—221BC).
战国时期(公元前475年至公元前221年)，商君商鞅在秦国推行了两次政治变革。
Shang Yang was born in an aristocrat family in the state of Wei.
商鞅生于卫国一个贵族家庭。
In 356BC, he was appointed governor to introduce the first political reform to reward farming and weaving, abolish hereditary privileges of the nobility and encourage farming and fighting for the country, set up a unitary administrative system down to household registration at the grass roots.
公元前356年，他被任命为主管推行第一次变法以奖励农耕和编制，取消贵族的世袭特权，鼓励农耕和为国家而战，建立了下至基层户口登记的一元统治体系。
Shang Yang carried the reform in strict terms and when the son of the king violated laws, his teacher got punished.
商鞅严格执行变法，当王子触碰法律时，他的老师就会受到惩罚。
In such a way he told people to be law-abiding, and political reform achieved great success.
通过这样的方式，他教会人们遵纪守法，变法也取得了很大的成功。
The first reform brought rapid development to the state of Qin.
首次变法为秦国带来了迅速的发展。
Two years later, the capital was shifted to Xianyang and the second political reform was then introduced to establish the political system of county in which the State of Qin was divided into 31 counties, to abolish the nine-square system and make land private, and unify weights and measures,
两年后，国都迁至咸阳，第二次变法被推行以在秦朝的31个郡县中建立郡县制、废除井田制、实行土地私有制、统一度量衡。
thus laying the foundations for the state of Qin to become strong and eventually unify China for the first time in history.
这些措施为秦朝的强大和史上首次统一中国奠定了基础。
用英语说中国春秋战国：Battle of Changping 长平之战
During the Warring States Period (战国时期), the Battle of Changping (长平之战)broke out in 260 BC, which results in a decisive victory of the state of Qin (秦国)over Zhao.
长平之战爆发于公元前260年的战国时期，这场战争以秦国决定性的战胜赵国为结局。
In 257 BC, the Qin invaded the Han.
公元前257年，秦国侵略韩国。
Responding to the Han call for help，the Zhao king decided to send Lian Po (廉颇)to deal with the threat.
收到韩国需要救援的信息，赵国国君派出廉颇来对抗秦国。
The two armies met at Changping, situated in the Northern part of the Han lands.
两支军队交战于韩国北部之地，长平。
On one side was the Qin army, led by renowned General Bai Qi, on the other was the Zhao army led by Lian Po.
一支军队是由名将白起率领的秦国军队，另一支则是由廉颇率领的赵国军队。
Lian Po, after looking over the Qin formations, decided that the only way to stop their attack was to wait it out.
观察了秦国军队的排布之后，廉颇决定唯一能够阻止他们进攻的方法就是耐心等待。
Thus he built several fortresses and camped there, waiting for the opposing army to go away or a peace treaty to be concluded by the Han and the Qin.
因此，他建立了一些堡垒并在那里安营扎寨，等待敌方军队离开或是两国和解。
The Qin had no intention of leaving.
秦国军队没有离开的打算。
They sent spies to the state of Zhao and Han, ordering them to spread the word that Lian Po was cowardly and was too old to fight battles.
他们向韩国和赵国派遣间谍，散布廉颇是懦夫以及廉颇太老不能再打仗的传言。
The king, upon hearing this, immediately decided to remove Lian Po and replace him with Zhao Kuo, the son of another famous Zhao general, Zhao She.
国君一听，立刻弃用廉颇，命赵国另一名将赵奢的儿子，赵括出征。
Legend has it that on his deathbed, Zhao She told his wife never to let Zhao Kuo command an army.
传说赵奢临终之时嘱咐他的妻子千万不要让赵括带兵打仗。
So Zhao She’s wife, after hearing of Zhao Kuo's appointment as general, went up to the King of Zhao and tried to persuade him not to let Zhao Kuo command an army, along with the minister, Lin Xiangru.
所以赵奢的妻子一听说赵括被任命为统帅就和另一位官员蔺相如一起来到赵国国君的面前，想要劝说他不要让赵括领兵。
The king turned their requests down.
国君拒绝了他们的请求。
When Zhao Kuo assumed command, he ordered the army to launch an invasion of the Qin camp.
赵括担任指挥后，命令军队向秦军营地发起进攻。
The Qin were already lying in wait for them and the Zhao forces were eventually driven up a hill, which the Qin then besieged for 40 days.
秦军一直在等着赵军发动进攻，最终赵国军队攀上了秦国军队包围了40天的山峰。
At last, driven mad by hunger and thirst, the Zhao forces made a desperate change down the hill, with Zhao Kuo leading.
最后，由于被饥饿和口渴逼疯，赵国军队在赵括的带领下孤注一掷，闯下山头。
He was shot down by Qin archers.
赵括死于秦军弓箭手的箭下。
The troops of Zhao were routed.
赵国军队被一举击败。
Legends accounted for more than four hundred thousand Zhao prisoners of war massacred but such grossly overestimated number has been disputed.
传说超过400000的赵国战俘被屠杀，但是这样粗略的高估存在着争议。
With this victory, Qin had established military superiority over other states.
通过这场战争的胜利，秦国在其他国家面前树立了军队优势。
More campaigns and battles ensued, especially in the conquest of the state of Chu.
尤其是在征服了楚国之后，秦国发动了更多的战争。
Nevertheless no matter how bloody these military operations would be, Qin's final victory was guaranteed.
不论这些战争有多么的残忍，它们都保障了秦国最终的胜利。
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