托福独立写作以退为进的“让步段”写法
能写出一篇漂亮的独立写作，大概是所有考托福的同学们的殷切愿望。“让步段”可以让你的文章论点更丰满，更客观，下面小编给大家带来托福独立写作以退为进的“让步段”写法。
托福独立写作以退为进的“让步段”写法
俗话说“知己知彼，百战不殆”，想写出漂亮的“让步段”，你必须去了解“让步段”的由来和写法。今天，就让蔡润光老师带你学习“让步段”!
对于一篇独立写作，主体段充分展开与否非常重要。在主体段段落安排时，除了写支持段(supporting paragraphs)也可以使用让步段(concession)。考生不禁会问：究竟何为让步段?为何要写让步段?具体如何写让步段?笔者蔡蔡将会一一解答。
究竟何为让步段?
让步段内容会写到支持面的弊端或对立面的优点，貌似与立场相悖，南辕北辙;实则，让步段并不是“搬石头砸自己的脚”，而是为了“退一小步，近一大步”以退为进地加强文章立场。
为何要写让步段?
实则是为了：内容上更加充实，逻辑上更加严密，思路上更加切题。
首先，段落展开内容上不仅可以说支持面的好处，也可以写自身有何缺点，或反方有何可取之处。这样一来，文章可写内容变多，更加充实。其次，在逻辑上也包含了辩证思考，正反分析。最后，对于题干中反面不可被忽略的题目，如二选一的利弊类题目，若没有通过段内对比的方式包含对立面，文章并未全面覆盖题干信息，充分切题，但用让步段可以将两者兼顾。
具体如何写让步段?
01
欲扬先抑(跟支持面让步)
欲扬先抑是指先承认支持面不足，稍加解释不足之后，转折提出整体利大于弊，或不足之处可被避免。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Technology has more positive effects than negative ones.
以本题为例，题目问科技是否利大于弊。因为题目中包含了利弊两个方面，不建议只写利处或弊端，可以通过让步段兼顾题目立场的弊端。本题若选择支持立场，可以先通过两个主体段充分支持科技的好处，如1.科技促进了人们之间的信息交流。2.科技给社会带来诸多便利，省力省时。让步段便可采用欲扬先抑，即承认科技有弊端，如占用过多的时间，面临个人信息被盗的风险，但是较之于整体获得的便利，这些弊端可以忽略不计。事实上，只要合理规划时间，上网时注意个人信息的保护，这些弊端也可以避免。
该类让步思路梳理清楚后，蔡蔡给大家补充一些常用表达。
承认自身不足
Admittedly / Undoubtedly / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied that/It is true that(诚然，不可否认的是)支持面, to some extent(一定程度上), may/possibly/probably(或许) have one or two/a couple of/minor drawbacks/defects/demerits/shortcomings(不足)
稍加解释不足：
For instance/for example/to illustrate,...
但整体利大于弊：
However/nevertheless/nonetheless/as a matter of fact然而
Its overall merits/benefits/advantages(整体好处) far outweigh/outnumber/overshadow(远大于)its demerits/defects/disadvantages(其弊端)
但弊端可以规避：
As a matter of fact/In fact, as long as 解决方案, the so-called negative effects/consequences can be avoided.
However, the problem can be solved by …
Actually, the negative influence can be eliminated by …
02
先礼后兵(跟对立面让步)
先礼后兵是指承认对立面好，稍加解释后转折让步：没支持面好或者有潜在弊端
Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork.
以本题为例，父母应该利用难得的亲子时光陪孩子做游戏或运动，还是陪孩子做作业。若立场为支持父母陪孩子做游戏或运动，可以有两点支持：1.陪孩子做运动有助于孩子放松身心压力2.陪孩子游戏或运动时可以促进亲子交流。让步段可以和对立面让步，即承认陪孩子做作业有一定好处，比如有利于孩子巩固所学，提高学习成绩，但过多注重学习而忽略课外活动会物极必反，孩子有可能变成没有实用技能的书呆子。
同样，简要梳理思路后，蔡蔡补充一些相关表达供大家参考。
承认对立面好
Admittedly/Granted, 对立面have some merits which deserve some words here./I am not denying the significance of 对立面
稍加解释对立面优点
For instance/for example/to illustrate,...
但没支持面好
However, compared with/in comparison with 支持面, it pales into significance.
However, its benefits are dwarfed by that of 支持面
但有潜在弊端
However, its seemingly beneficial aspects may turn out to be defective, even destructive.
However, overemphasis on 对立面 may result in some undesirable consequences.
托福写作中的七大语法规范
语法规范
1. 不完整的句子
(1) If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard. One of the hardest things that people do.
If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard—one of the hardest things that people do.
(2) Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world. A gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
2. 分词短语作状语的错误
Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud.
As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he held her in his arms.
3. 修饰词错位
(1) Romeo received word that Juliet was dead from another messenger.
Romeo received word from another messenger that Juliet was dead.
(2) After leaving the stage, the audience’s applause called the musicians back for an encore.
After the musicians left the stage, the audience’s applause called them back for an encore.
(3) Disruptive in the classroom, a teacher may become exasperated with hyperactive children.
Disruptive in the classroom, hyperactive children may exasperate a teacher.
4. 串句
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization, for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance, but when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization; for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance. But when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
5. 时态错误
The researchers admitted that they falsified crucial data in the study.
The researchers admitted that they had falsified crucial data in the study.
6. 代词错误
(1) Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take it our on others.
Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take them our on others.
(2) Each girl and boy must do their part to keep the home fires burning.
Each girl and boy must do her or his part to keep the home fires burning.
(3) This college has their own entrance requirements.
This college has its own entrance requirements.
(4) If one wishes to participate in the political process, you can begin by voting regularly.
If one wishes to participate in the political process, one can begin by voting regularly.
(5) The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, they thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, the library staff thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
7. 结构混乱
Because Hemingway’s style is simple makes his writing accessible to all readers.
Because Hemingway’s style is simple, his writing is accessible to all readers.
Hemingway’s simple style makes his writing accessible to all readers.
托福独立写作的常用句型总结
一、提出背景的句式
It’s generally agreed that ... ... (人们普遍认为... ...)
There is a growing body of opinion that ... ... (越来越多的人认为... ...)
An increasing number of people have the tendency to believe that ... ... (越来越多的人倾向于认为... ...)
Some people, especially the old, believe that ... ... (一些人，尤其是老人，认为... ...)
Other people, the young in particular, argue that ... ... (别的人，尤其是年轻人，认为... ...)
Some current analyses conclude that ... ... (当下的一些分析表明... ...)
... ... is a heated topic in our times. (... ...是我们这个时代火热的一个话题)
The topic about ... ... has been raging for decades. (关于... ...的话题已经风行几十年了)
... ... is an eternal/a perpetual topic in our daily lives. (... ...是我们日常生活中一个永恒的话题)
... ... is one of the most talked about topics in the contemporary society. (... ...是当代社会讨论最多的话题之一)
Recently, the impact that ... ... has had on our daily lives, in general, is huge and undeniable. (近年来， ... ...对我们日常生活的影响，总的来说，是巨大且不可避免的)
With the gradual perfection and progressive amelioration of ... ..., sweeping changes have been brought into our lives. (随着... ...的不断完善和进一步提高，人们的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化)
In terms of ... ..., sometimes we find ourselves in dilemmas. (谈到... ...时，我们有时候会发现自己左右为难)
二、个人观点的句式
I am totally convinced that ... ... (我百分百确信... ...)
I personally tend to believe that ... ... (我个人倾向于认为... ...)
From my perspective, ... ... is without doubt a better option. (依我看，... ...毫无疑问是个更好的选择)
According to the evidence offered above, I can hardly agree that ... ... (综合以上证明，我很难同意... ...)
With respect to ... ..., I am pretty sure that I’m on the same/opposite side of it. (关于... ...，我很确定是站在正/反方的立场)
Although it’s no simple task for us to make a prudent and satisfying choice, I still wholeheartedly believe that ... ... (尽管对于我们来说，做一个谨慎友令人满意的选择是很困难的，但是我仍然全心全意地相信... ...)
三、引出争议的句式
There is no consensus on whether...yet. (关于是否该... ...，现在仍然没有一个定论)
Whether...is an issue open to debate. (是否该... ...，这是一个有待讨论的问题)
Whether...is a boon or bane is still open to debate. (... ...是好是坏/是对是错，这有待讨论)
The issue of whether…has triggered intense debate. (是否该... ...，这个问题引发了一个激烈的讨论)
The debate over whether...has been going on for a long time. (关于... ...的讨论已经持续很长时间了)
When it comes to ... ..., people tend to hold different viewpoints. (当谈到... ...的时候，人们倾向于持有不同的观点)
Most of the public tend to advocate that ... ... ,while I doubt whether the argument needs more analyses. (大多数人倾向于主张... ..., 但是我认为这有待进一步讨论)
托福范文：电视对沟通的影响
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
【范文】The Effects of Television on Communication
There is no doubt that television has greatly changed people's lives. After its invention, it became an almost indispensable part of most households within the space of just a few years. Nowadays, many families have two or even three television sets so that every member of the family can watch what he wants whenever he wants. In my opinion, this has significantly reduced the amount of time that family and friends spend communicating with each other.
Before the invention of television, people spent their leisure time in more active and social pursuits. They often played cards or other games, listened to the radio together or went out to see friends. But now television is widely available and it offers a variety of program choices that appeal to almost every interest. People no longer have to look to others for entertainment. Also, television can be like a sedative. Studies have shown that watching a great deal of television makes people more passive. Finally, people are simply watching increasing amounts of television. And with two or three TV sets in the house, there is no need for them to even watch it together.
Although television has reduced the amount of time that family and friends spend together, it doesn't have to be this way. People can make the choice to turn off the TV and do something more active. Or, if they really want to watch TV, they can find a thought-provoking program that they would all like to watch and discuss afterwards.
【参考译文】电视对沟通的影响
电视已经大大地改变了人们的生活，这一点是毋庸置疑的。电视在其发明后的短短几年内几乎成为大多数家庭中不可或缺的一部分。现在许多家庭拥有两台甚至三台电视机，每个家庭成员随时可以看自己想看的节目。我认为这样已使得家人和朋友之间沟通的时间大为减少。
在电视发明之前，人们有空就会做一些比较积极的消遣，并进行社交活动。人们会经常玩扑克牌或其他游戏，一起听收音机或出去拜访朋友。但是现在电视很普及，有各式各样的节目可供选择，几乎能让每个人都很感兴趣，于是人们便不再寻求其他的娱乐。而且，电视就好像镇静剂一样。有研究指出，观看大量的电视节目会让人变得比较消极。最后，人们看电视的时间变得越来越多，而且有两台或三台电视机的家庭，其家人甚至都不在一起看电视。
虽然电视已使家人和朋友之间相聚的时间变少，但这并非是必然的结果。人们可以选择关上电视，去从事一些更积极的活动。或者如果真的想看电视，也可以找一个大家都想看的思考性节目，看完之后可以一起讨论。
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