托福阅读句子改写要点精析
托福阅读考试中，有一类题型是句子改写题，如何做好这些题，下面跟小编一起来通过实例来了解一下托福阅读句子改写题的解题技巧——把握作者意图，希望对大家的托福阅读提升有帮助
托福阅读句子改写要点精析
通过下面具体来看二个例题，“把握作者的意图”这样一个原则放在重要的题型中怎么使用呢?来看个句子改写题，句子改写题就是考察你在一个句子内部如何把握它重要的信息。但是直接给你一句话，请你找出它最核心的信息，这其实是很困难的。不妨换一个思路：作者这句话的目的和功能是什么?
托福阅读提升实例精析：例1 [结果]These plants are termed opportunists because [原因]they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.
A. Because [原因]their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, [结果]dandelions are classified as opportunists.
B. [结果]Dandelions are called opportunists because [原因]they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.
C. The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.
D. The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.
你发现原句中有个because，就知道这句话是在解释，必定有因有果。我们先去找因和果。结果是这些植物被称为机会主义者，原因是它们依赖种子掉进一个环境，后面说这个环境里竞争性的植物已经被移除了，即没有竞争性的环境。对句子稍做整理后变成，因为它们依赖自己的种子掉进一个没有竞争性的环境，所以这些植物被称为机会主义者。
有同学会问，后面的such as要怎么处理。一般我们有个原则，在句子当中如果是补充的信息，那很重要;如果是重复的信息，应该是不重要的。所以看such as只要明白一点，它到底给前面的什么内容举例。看例子的内容，会发现说的都是地方，说明是给setting举例，那么就可以把它放在一边。
于是，我们明白作者原句的意图是在解释有因果的关系，那么四个选项中正确的答案必定在逻辑关系和讲话的意图上和原句是一样的。发现A、B、C、D中只有A和B是有因果的，再进一步看具体的内容，可知A的原因和结果都与原句一致，为正确选项。
托福阅读提升实例精析：例2 [转折前]Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, [转折后]under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
A. Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.
B. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.
C. Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.
D. Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.
这个题目原句中有一个but unfortunately，说明这句话前后有一个转折，那么它最核心的意义是作者前后表示的不同。
看转折前：aquifer地下蓄水层还有足够的水来填满休伦湖。虽然我们不知道休伦湖有多大，但你明白作者的意图是说水很多。
转折后：在这个半干旱的条件下，补充率很小。Amounting to后面给出补充率的数字，是重复内容不重要。
所以明确转折前说水量大，转折后说补充率小。然后我们看四个选项，正确答案一定在逻辑关系的表达上是跟But属于同一个范畴。A有despite，表示转折、让步;B有although，让步;C有个因果，原文没有存在因果;D有even表示让步。所以在四个选项中我们会优先考虑A、B、D这三个选项。
仔细看A选项，despite后的内容表示水量大，和原句转折前相同;而逗号后的内容表示补充率小，和原句转折后相同。所以A是正确选项。
以上用这二道题来跟大家介绍了理解作者的意图在句子改写中怎么应用。其实说白了就是你要明白作者讲一句话它的意图是什么，而意图就是由这些逻辑关系体现的。这里我建议大家记四类逻辑范畴。
第一类，因果和条件结果在一起，即这两类逻辑关系可以相互替换。
第二类是转折、让步、比较、对比。这个大家比较好理解，可能当中比较麻烦的是比较。举个例子，你跑得快，但我跑得更快。这是转折，可以改成比较：我跑得比你快。
第三类是并列、类比。类比是like A and B，表示A和B差不多。举例来说，我打了你，and我打了他，可以改成我打了你and他。所以类比和并列也可以在一起考虑。
第四类，如果没有上述明显的逻辑关系，你就可以考虑其他。所谓其他就是由谓语动词体现的逻辑关系。
这四类逻辑关系教给大家，希望在做句子改写题时你通过这样的逻辑关系来判断四个选项的优先级。这些就是托福阅读句子改写题的解题方法之一，希望对大家托福备考有帮助。
托福阅读TPO29第3篇:The History of Waterpower
【1】Moving water was one of the earliest energy sources to be harnessed to reduce the workload of people and animals. No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented, but irrigation systems existed at least 5,000 years ago, and it seems probable that the earliest waterpower device was the noria, a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation in attached jars. The device appears to have evolved no later than the fifth century B.C., perhaps independently in different regions of the Middle and Far East.
【2】The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn, known as Norse or Greek mills, which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia. In the following centuries, increasingly sophisticated waterpower mills were built throughout the Roman Empire and beyond its boundaries in the Middle East and northern Europe. In England, the Saxons are thought to have used both horizontal and vertical-axis wheels. The first documented English mill was in the eighth century, but three centuries later about 5,000 were recorded, suggesting that every settlement of any size had its mill.
【3】Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining, iron working, paper making, and the wool and cotton industries. Water was the main source of mechanical power, and by the end of the seventeenth century, England alone is thought to have had some 20,000 working mill. There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels. The period from about 1650 until 1800 saw some excellent scientific and technical investigations of different designs. They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (They also proved that, in principle, the overshot wheel, a type of wheel in which an overhead streamof water powers the wheel, should win the efficiency competition.)
【4】But then steam power entered the scene, putting the whole future of waterpower in doubt. An energy analyst writing in the year 1800 would have painted a very pessimistic picture of the future for waterpower. The coal-fired steam engine was taking over, and the waterwheel was fast becoming obsolete. However, like many later experts, this one would have suffered from an inability to see into the future. A century later the picture was completely different: by then, the world had an electric industry, and a quarter of its generating capacity was water powered.
【5】The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part. In 1832, the year of Michael Faraday’s discovery that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field, a young French engineer patented a new and more efficient waterwheel. His name was Nenoit Fourneyron, and his device was the first successful water turbine. (The word turbine comes from the Latin turbo: something that spins). The waterwheel, unaltered for nearly 2,000 years, had finally been superseded.
【6】Half a century of development was needed before Faraday’s discoveries in electricity were translated into full-scale power stations. In 1881 the Godalming power station in Surrey, England, on the banks of the Wey River, created the world’s first public electricity supply. The power source of this most modern technology was a traditional waterwheel. Unfortunately this early plant experienced the problem common to many forms of renewable energy: the flow in the Wey River was unreliable, and the waterwheel was soon replaced by a steam engine.
【7】From this primitive start, the electric industry grew during the final 20 years of the nineteenth century at a rate seldom if ever exceeded by any technology. The capacity of individual power stations, many of them hydro plants, rose from a few kilowatts to over a megawatt in less than a decade.
托福阅读TPO29试题第3篇:The History of Waterpower
1.The word "harnessed" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
A.known.
B.depended on.
C.recognized.
D.utilized.
2.In paragraph 1, uncertainty is expressed about all of the following aspects of the early development of waterpower EXCEPT
A.when exactly the very first waterpower devices were invented.
B.when exactly the very first waterpower devices were developed.
C.whether water was one of the earliest sources of power to be used by humans.
D.whether the very earliest waterpower devices arose independently.
3.According to paragraph 2, what was true of the waterpower mills built throughout the Roman Empire?
A.Most had horizontal-axis wheels.
B.Their design was based on mills that had long been used in Scandinavia.
C.Their design was more popular beyond the Empire's boundaries than it was within the Empire.
D.They are more advanced than the mills used in the Middle East at an earlier time.
4.The phrase "the application of waterpower" in the passage (paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to
A.the uses to which waterpower was put.
B.the improvement made to waterpower.
C.the method by which waterpower was supplied.
D.the source of waterpower available.
5.According to paragraph 4, which of the following was discovered as a result of scientific and technical investigations of waterpower conducted between 1650 and 1800?
A.Some types of small waterwheel can produce as much horsepower as the very largest wheels.
B.Waterwheels operate more efficiently when water falls away from their blades slowly than when water falls away quickly.
C.Waterwheel efficiency can be improved by increasing the amount of kinetic energy water contains as it passes over a waterwheel's blades.
D.Unlike other types of waterwheels, the overshot wheel is capable of producing more than 60 horsepower units of energy.
6.The word "pessimistic" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.negative.
B.unlikely.
C.surprising.
D.incomplete.
7.The term "by then" in the passage refers to
A.by the time steam power entered the scene.
B.by the year 1800.
C.by the year 1900.
D.by the time waterwheel was becoming obsolete.
8.According to paragraph 5, why did waterpower become more importantly by 1900?
A.Better waterwheel designs improved the efficiency of waterpower.
B.Waterpower was needed to operate steam engines.
C.Waterpower was used to generate electricity.
D.Waterwheels became more efficient than coal-powered engines.
9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.The growth of the electric-power industry stimulated significant changes in hydro technology and scientific progress in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.
B.The changes in hydro technology that led to the growth of the electric-power industry also led to discoveries and developments in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.
C.Advances in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.
D.In the nineteenth century, the scientific study of electrotechnology and hydro technology benefited greatly from the growth of the electric-power industry.
10.The word "unaltered" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.unimproved.
B.unequaled.
C.unchanged.
D.unsatisfactory.
11.The discussion of the history of electric power production in paragraph 6 supports which of the following?
A.1832 marked the beginning of the industrial production of electric power.
B.Turbines using Benoit Fourneyron's design were eventually used to generate electric power.
C.Benoit Fourneyron quickly applied Michael Faraday's discovery about electric fields to acquire a pattern for a new and more efficient waterwheel.
D.Practical advances in hydro technology were more important to the development of electric power than were advances in the theoretical understanding of electricity.
12.According to paragraph 7, what problem did the early power station in the town of Godalming in Surrey, United Kingdom, face in providing electricity?
A.The traditional waterwheel is used was not large enough to meet the demand for energy.
B.The flow of the River Wey, on which the power station depended, was unreliable.
C.The operators of the Godalming power station had little experience with hydro technology.
D.The steam engine that turned the waterwheel was faulty and needed to be replaced.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The steam engine that turned the waterwheel was faulty and needed to be replaced.
Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining,iron working,paper making,and the wool and cotton industries. Water was the main source of mechanical power, and by the end of the seventeenth century, England alone is thought to have had some 20,000 working mill. There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels. ■【A】The period from about 1650 until 1800 saw some excellent scientific and technical investigations of different designs. ■【B】They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency,the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. ■【C】(They also proved that, in principle, the overshot wheel, a type of wheel in which anoverhead stream of water powers the wheel, should win the efficiency competition.) ■【D】
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Ever since the development of waterwheel, which occurred no later than 500 B.C., people have used moving water as a source of power.
A.The first water-powered machines were probably used to grind corn, and as technology advanced, waterwheels were used as the main source of power in many industries.
B.In the late nineteenth century an electric power station in England began using water power from a nearby river, creating a dependable source of power that quickly replaced the steam engine.
C.In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, design improvements I waterwheels led to discoveries of how to increase their efficiency and power output.
D.Almost every large town in England had a waterpower mill, allowing England to become the world's leader in industries that depended on water for their power.
E.Waterpower mills were probably invented about the same time in the Middle East and Scandinavia and then spread to England by about the second century B.C..
F.After declining in importance in the early 1800's, waterpower came back into demand by the end of the century as a means to power electric plants and water turbines.
托福阅读TPO29答案第3篇:The History of Waterpower
1.这个单词后面出现了to，表目的或作用，整句话的意思就是水资源被用于减轻人和动物的劳动。所以很容易推出文中单词harnessed是使用的意思，因此选择D。
2.这个题可以看着选项到原文照对应点，A对应原文第二句，正确，不选。B对应虽然没有直接在原文中提到，但是也可以有这层意思，可以作为待定选项。但看到C之后就可以排除B了，因为C和原文第一句有了直接冲突，因此选择C。D对应这段的最后一句(出现了perhaps)。
3.根据Throughout the roman empire定位到原文红色标注位置，对于waterpower mill的修饰是increasingly sophisticated也就是更复杂，更先进。因此选择D。
4.这里的application指的是水力资源的应用，也就是作用。因此选择A水利的用处。
5.通过scientific and technical investigation定位到红色标注部分，后面几句就是调查的结果了，原文说输出的功率从1-60马力不等，水流越smooth，下落越慢，效率就越高。英雌，A选项，原文没提到。B选项正确。C. water contain的动能并不能改变，而是要尽可能的使其含有的动能释放出来。D提到了overshot wheel，对应本段最后一句。但是原文并没说这种轮就能输出高于60马单位的能量。
6.根据前面一句，有了蒸汽动力以后，水力资源就被put in doubt了。因此后面修饰水力资源利用前景的一定是一个负面的词。因此选择A，负面的。B是不相似的，C是令人吃惊的，D是不完整的。
7.因为前文提到在1800年，水力资源利用衰败，by then的前半句说a century later，因此应该是一百年以后，也就是1900年。
8.这段第一句就指出了电力发展，然后又说水利能源的重大改变促进了电力发展。因此符合C选项。
9.原文句子的逻辑关系是，electrotechnology和 changes in water growth 共同促进了electric power 工业。A逻辑关系完全反了。B混乱的。D与A逻辑相似。因此选择C。
10.Unaltered是一成不变的，这道题A是一个迷惑选项。但是unaltered并没有进步，改良的那层意思。因此C更合适。
11.上一段说Benoit Fourneyron的发现通过发明turbine得以应用。通过turbine就可以实现发电了。
12.通过Godalming定位。往后阅读之后出现了unfortunately的转折，也就是要说遇到的问题了。"："后面就是答案了。所以选B。
13.要插入的句子说要resolve disagreement。而这段的第一句就说很多debate。那么插到第一个空里正合适。
14.A正确，对应原文第二段第一句。B错误。原文说英国的居住点不管大小，都有自己的mill。对应原文第二段最后一句。C错误。原文说的是river的水流不稳定，结果很快被steam engine取代了。对应原文倒数第二段最后两句。D错误，对应原文第一段，原文说没人知道water mill是什么时候发明的。而且后半句时间也不对。E正确，对应原文第四段。F对应原文第五段最后一句，和第六段。
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