分分钟搞定托福阅读之段落主要内容
托福阅读只了解篇章结构是不能解决所有问题的，因为很多问题是需要在每个段落的具体内容中找到，所以今天我们就来说说说文章段落的结构规律，话不多说，咱们直接进入主题。
分分钟搞定托福阅读之段落主要内容
段落结构的规律是“TS+D”
TS:即topic sentence 主旨句，表达段落的主旨。
D:即detail 细节，为了说明段落主旨，所罗列的相关支持内容。
主旨句一般在段落的开头或结尾句群(也就是前1-2句或者是倒数1-2句);细节又可以由explanation/elaboration/example/evaluation等组成，当然每个段落不一定这四项都有，或许只有example，或许是explanation+example，也或许是elaboration+example等等。同时在读每个段落的细节部分的时候，需要注意一些标志词，比如：first, second, third...，on the one hand...on the other hand...,some...others...
接下来，我们一起在文章中看看这一规律的可靠性吧。
还是以TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy为例，我们在上次篇章结构的基础上，把段落主要内容补充完整。
TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy原文
【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics andcontinental drift, mountain building, andearthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electricgenerators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form whenunderground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface regionof hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water isusually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; lesstypically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water isbrought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.
第一段：介绍地热能，是并列的论证段落。
1.地热能的来源及应用(注意第2句的also)
2.地热能被利用的过程
【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively lowtemperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in thistemperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, andindustrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm undergroundwater drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital ofIceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generatingelectricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; naturalhot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surfacewater seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by therecent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs atThe Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity tomeet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then inits third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because ofover development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were inoperation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about amillion people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.
第二、三段：地热能的利用
第二段：地热能用于取暖;
1.最丰富的地热能形式介于80到180摄氏度(引出新的论述点)。
2.在此温度范围内的热储内循环的水可以用于取暖。
3.列举如何利用地热能(讨论范围的缩小-暗示举例)
第三段：地热能用于发电
1.温度高于180摄氏度的地热储集层可用来发电(引出新的论述点)。
2.这类地热储集层所在的主要地区及三种主要形式。
3.就最后一种形式进行举例并说明其问题(概念由抽象到具体-举例)。
4.地热能发电应用范围依然很广。
【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks mustbe fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. Therocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under wayto develop technologies for exploiting this resource.
【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmentalproblems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without beingreplaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materialsdissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returnedto the ground from which they were removed.
第四、五段：地热能所产生的问题
第四段：地热能的开发所面临的问题
1.一个更大的难题：岩石需要裂缝才能让水流通，且水必须是人工提供的(引出新的论点)。
2.解决难题的方法：通过泵入高压水可以将岩石断裂;此实验正在进行之中。
第五段：地热能的开发所产生的环境问题
1.地热能具有一些环境问题(引出新的论点)。
2.如果抽取地下热水而又不泵回，地表就会下沉。
3.地热加热的水含有从热岩中溶出的盐分和有毒物质，将会产生处理方面的问题。
(2.3都是对1的列举论述)
【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawnout of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geologicalprocesses by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)theresource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. Atpresent, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy canmake important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and theeconomics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermalenergy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until wellinto the twenty-first century, if ever.
第六段：地热能开发利用的前景
1.地热能对世界能源未来的贡献是难以估量的。
2.地热能在某种意义上讲是不可再生的，并解释为何不可再生。
3.转折说很多地区地热能储量很大。
4.再转折：利用地热能形式有限，所以地热能只能做出局部贡献。
5.做出预测：估计要到二十一世纪才能对世界的能源预算做出大的贡献。
(2-5对1展开论述)
这样的分析之后，你是否发现其实这篇文章是不是已经完全被你拿下了?在分析段落主要内容的过程中，哪怕有生词难句，我们也都可以进行猜测，实现快速准确的阅读。不仅如此，这样的分析，还可以帮你训练良好的写作思路，你想想，在独立写作的主题论述段落，我们是不是完全可以模仿这样的结构，使你的作文取得高分啊!试着去用一下吧!
新托福阅读背景知识：达达派
达达派(Dada)
第一次世界大战后, 达达派(Dada)由瑞士向欧洲蔓延了出来. 当时的环境是: 后期印象派(Post Impressionism)到了后期, 其他还有立体派, 表现派, 未来派等画派在欧洲盘据地盘, 但每一个都逃不出达达派的批判. 因为达达派如表现派般厌恶战争而厌恶过去, 但程度上比未来派还要激进. 他们大胆的摧毁一切旧有的传统, 而采取无理性的表现方式. 达达派的表现方式着重在天然形成与自由涂写. 他们喜欢用不同的材料用自然排列的方式成为一个新的艺术. 例如, 把色纸剪成块状(有一点儿像野兽派大师马蒂斯后期的表现方法)然后让他们自由飘散在地上, 而取得灵感. 达达派的文学家把报纸的字母写下, 然后抖动他们再依字母的自然排列成了一首新诗(这又有点像台湾的乩童在上身后鬼画符一番, 之后再由旁人解说). 所以达达派的创作是象征的且无定形的呈现(因为他们也不知道抖完后会成什么样子). 我想达达派最大的成就, 应该是让当时的人有完全逆向思考的机会. 大战结束后, 德国, 法国, 甚至隔海的美国都有不少人从事此风格的创作.
新托福阅读背景知识：超现实主义
超现实主义(Surrealism)
第一次世界大战完毕后的几年, 人们开始怀疑理性主义, 虽理性主义然使欧洲的文化, 政治达到顶峰但还是发生了恐怖一次大战. 虽然达达派(Dada)的艺术风靡了当时的欧洲画坛. 但是把印了字的纸片洒在地上作诗, 似乎太过消极了. 超现实主义(Surrealism)这时开始萌芽了. 1924年, 超现实主义的创始人, 也是达达派的诗人与评论家-安德烈布尔顿发表了"超现实主义宣言"(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超现实主义是结合了意识的和无意识的精神领域在每天的现实生活中而完成世界的美梦与幻想. 简单的说, 超现实主义不但重视人类意识的思考, 另外更重视下意识的范畴. 他们用科学的方法研究人在无意中画出的图画, 信手写出的字, 小孩或疯子的图画, 结合心理学与精神病学的原理, 配合上人的梦境与幻想. 结论是: 美是在解放了的意识中那些不可思议的幻象与梦境. 所以超现实主义是一种超理性, 超意识的艺术. 超现实主义的画家不受理性主义的限制而凭本能及想象, 表现超现实的题材. 他们自由自在的生活在一种时空交错的空间, 不受空间与时间的束缚, 表现出比现实世界更真实更有意义. 超现实主义首先在法国展开, 立即受西班牙画家的欢迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是单纯的美术改革运动, 不久也影响到了文学, 雕刻, 戏剧, 戏剧舞台, 电影, 建筑等其它的应用艺术, 所以超现实主义可以说是影响全世界的新文艺运动. 但在第二次世界大战时, 大量的艺术家迁往美国, 同时影响美国超现实主义的风行. 1945年后"新具象"在艺术之都巴黎兴起, 超现实主义才渐渐没落
新托福阅读背景知识：polymer gels
polymer gels一种聚合凝胶
The following information was part of our display for the SET96 and SET98 Scientific Power to the People Exhibition, The Galleries, Bristol, 20th and 21st March 1998.
A POLYMER is a very long molecule rather like a very long piece of string.
The borax joins two molecules together to make a large network - rather like flexible scaffolding. This is cross-linking.
This turns the fluid dissolved polymer into a GEL.
In oil wells water is pushed down to push oil up. If this breaks through to the production well bore, the well will just produce water. A solution is to block the rock pores with polymer gel to make the well produce oil again. These gels can be made from naturally occurring sugar-based polymers such as Guar and they can be cross-linked with Cobalt or Chromium.
Other everyday examples of polymer gels are to be found in non-drip emulsion paints, foods, car tires and agrochemicals.
The polymer that we are using is POLYVINYL ALCOHOL and we are joining the strands together with BORAX. This gel, when colored, is sold in toyshops as SLIME.
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