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适应气候变化
Adapting to Climate Change
适应气候变化
Adapt To Change?
适应变化?
We know global warming is bad: The temperature of the air on the Earth’s surface is projected to increase at a rate more rapid than any temperature change that has taken place in the last ten thousand years.
众所周知，全球气候变暖是件坏事：地球表面的空气温度预计正以一种前所未有的速度上升，甚至比过去十年所发生的气温变化都要快。
Since species have adapted to climate change in the past, why can’t they simply adapt to these changes?
既然物种能适应过去的气候变化，为何它们就不能适应现在的变化呢?
Thanks to ecosystem changes due to agriculture and deforestation and pollution, many species are already weakened to begin with. Plus, in the past, climate change has happened slowly enough that many species had enough time to shift the locations where they grow and reproduce. But the current projected rate of surface temperature change would require for plants to move at a rate of 3.5 miles per year. (The fastest plant species only migrate at the rate of 1.3 miles a year.)
由于农业生产、森林砍伐和污染导致生态系统发生变化，许多物种已经开始变得脆弱。此外，过去的气候变化缓慢，很多物种有足够的时间移栖到新的地方繁衍生息。但目前地表温度变化速率预计要求植物以每年3.5英里的速度迁移(而移动速度最快的植物物种，每年也不过是1.3英里)。
Pick Up And Move?
说走就走?
Though they’re not quite as rooted, animals cannot just pick up and move to more inclement environs if their food source can’t move with them. And it doesn’t help that all of the different ways we use land means that the Earth is pretty much a mosaic of different ecosystems rather than larger, contiguous habitats.
尽管动物不像植物那样根深蒂固，但假如他们的食物来源不能随它们迁徙，它们也无法离开恶劣的环境。并且，我们利用土地的不同方式意味着地球并不是一大块连续的栖息地，而变成了由不同生态系统拼接而成的马赛克。这使得动物迁徙的可能性更小了。
So even if a species is able to migrate quickly enough, it has nowhere to go and nothing to eat. The Earth’s species simply don’t have enough time and resources to adapt to such rapid climate change, and that’s why many aren’t expected to survive if global warming continues at its currently projected rate.
因此，即便物种可以迅速迁徙，它们也无处可去、无物可吃。地球上的物种并没有足够的时间和资源去适应如此快速的气候变化，故此，如果全球气候变暖继续以目前的预计速度变化，很多物种将无法生存。
不同年龄的蜜蜂有不同的分工
Bees Have Different Jobs According To Their Age
不同年龄的蜜蜂有不同的分工
Bees take on different jobs in a bee hive according to their age. Many become food scouts when older, but not all scouts are the same. Some search for new flowers, while others fly to and from established nectar sources.
不同年龄的蜜蜂在蜂群中有不同的分工。许多蜜蜂在年老时会充当“食物侦察兵”。但不是所有的“侦察兵”均如此。一些会去寻找新的花朵，其他的则往返于筑好的蜜源和蜂巢之间。
A team of scientists wondering if some bees might be natural risk takers decided to put that question to the test. They placed a hive in an enclosure with a feeder of sugar water and marked each bee that visited the feeder.
一组科学家想知道一些蜜蜂是否天生就担当承担风险的角色，于是决定通过实验来找出答案。他们把蜂巢移到一个栅栏中，栅栏边放置装满糖水的喂食器，然后把每个去过喂食器的蜜蜂都做上标记。
A few days later, they added second feeder and marked the bees that found that one. Challenging the bees again, they moved the second feeder to a new location and marked the bees that discovered that location too.
几天过后，科学家们又安置了第二个喂食器，并标记出拜访过的蜜蜂。为了给蜜蜂增加点难度，他们把第二个喂食器移动到一个新的位置，然后标记上发现新位置的蜜蜂。
Bees that found new feeders both times were called scouts, while bees that only gathered nectar at the old feeder were called non scouts. Nest scouts, who search for new hive locations, were three times more likely to be nectar scouts when older.
两次都能找到喂食器的叫做寻蜜蜂，而只在原先喂食器取蜜的蜜蜂称之为保育蜂。寻找新蜂巢的筑巢蜂在年老时有三倍的可能性会成为寻蜜蜂。
To determine if there are differences between scouts and non scouts, researchers examined their brains to see which genes were active. What they found was surprising. There were large differences in over one thousand genes. Some of those genes are very similar to ones associated with human novelty seeking behavior.
为了确定寻蜜蜂和保育蜂之间是否存在不同，研究人员通过观察它们的大脑来找出活跃的基因。他们的发现令人出乎意料。蜜蜂的上千种基因各不相同。有些基因与人类寻找新奇事物行为相关的基因十分相似。
Scientists examined genes controlling dopamine signaling, which reinforces pleasure in humans. In bees it works just the opposite; high dopamine reinforces aversion. Bees with genes that made more dopamine receptors were non scouts, while those with low receptors tended to be scouts.
科学家检查了控制多巴胺信号的基因，这种基因会增强人类的愉悦感。但是在蜜蜂中该基因的作用却恰恰相反;多巴胺含量高会增加蜜蜂的嫌恶感。携带这种能够产生较多多巴胺感受器基因的蜜蜂叫做保育蜂，而那些产生较少感受器的蜜蜂就成为了寻蜜蜂。
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