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后窗玻璃上雨滴的物理现象
The Physics Of Rain On The Rear Window
后窗玻璃上雨滴的物理现象
The next time you’re driving during a rain shower, glance back at the rear window. You’ll notice that while raindrops batter the front windshield, they seem to avoid the back window as long as the car is moving. How is that possible?
下一次下阵雨而你在开车的时候，看一看后窗玻璃。你会注意到在汽车行驶的过程中，雨滴会连续打击到前面的挡风玻璃上，但是后窗玻璃上则不会出现这样的现象。是什么导致这样的现象发生呢?
When a car is moving at normal highway speed, air flows around it, from front to back. Since air can not go through the glass, when it hits the front window it suddenly changes direction and travels up and over the windshield. A raindrop, however, which is denser than air, falls from the sky with enough velocity so that it cannot be swept up and over the glass by the wind.
一辆汽车以正常的速度在高速公路上行驶时，空气漂浮在它周围并且从前往后流动。因为空气并不能穿过玻璃，当它撞击到前方的玻璃上时，它的方向会发生改变， 它会沿挡风玻璃往上运动。然而，由于雨滴的密度比空气大，加之它以足够的速度从天空中滴落下来，所以不会被吹过玻璃的风清除掉。
When raindrops approach the front windshield, they are too heavy and are going too fast to suddenly change direction and be swept up and away from the glass. Instead they burst through the wind stream and hit the windshield.
当雨滴到达前面的挡风玻璃时，它们太重并且速度太快以至于不能够突然改变方向，也就不会被清除掉了。相反，它们冲破流风，打在挡风玻璃上。
Raindrops do tend to miss the back window, however. Wind passing over the rear of the car is accelerated on a downward angle, flowing parallel to and just above the rear window. In this case the velocity of the falling raindrops carries them into the downward flow of the wind, where they skim over the surface of the window without touching it.
然而，雨滴却不会打到后窗玻璃上。风通过后窗玻璃时会加速往下并在后窗上方平行流动。在这种情况下，落下的雨滴的速度将它们带入向下流动的风中，于是它们就会掠过窗户表面而不会碰到它。
Because the wind is flowing down instead of up, the rain does not have to change direction when it encounters the wind stream. Although the raindrops are still heavier than air, the fact that the wind and rain flow in the same direction enables the wind to sweep the rain away from the window.
因为风是往下而不是往上流动，所以当雨滴碰到流风时，它们不需要改变方向。虽然雨滴还是会比空气重，但是风和雨滴运动方向一致使得风将雨滴吹离玻璃。
冰块是如何使饮料冷却的?
How Does Ice Cool Drinks?
冰块是如何使饮料冷却的?
Here’s something we tend to take for granted: drop a few ice cubes into a glass of water at room temperature, and in a few minutes the water will cool. How does this work?
有件事情我们总觉得理所当然：室温下把一些冰块放入水中，过几分钟水就会变凉。但这到底是什么原理呢?
Heat is a measure of molecular activity: the faster a thing’s molecules move, the more heat that substance contains. And because everything is made of molecules, and molecules are in constant motion, everything contains at least some heat.
热量是衡量分子运动的一个指标：一个物体分子的移动越快，物体所包含的热量就越多。由于一切物体都由分子组成且分子总在不断地运动，所以每个物体或多或少都包含着一些热量。
我们都知道，冰的温度要比温水低。由于冰分子移动缓慢且相互连结得十分紧密，因此它们产生的热量相对较少。如果把冰块放入一杯分子移动较快的水中，冰块就会开始吸收热量，这是由于热量总是会从高温地带转移到低温地带，从而使温度均衡。也就是说，冰块从水中吸收热量。
水分子在失去热量后运动减慢，继而水温降低。这可能跟我们所想的恰恰相反：当我们把冰放入水中，冰不会把自己的低温传给水，而是从水中吸收热量。
As we know, ice is colder than room temperature water. Because ice molecules move slowly and cluster tightly together, they produce a relatively low amount of heat. When ice is placed in a glass of water whose molecules are moving at a greater rate, the ice begins to absorb energy, because heat always travels from regions of relative warmth to colder areas in order to equalize temperatures. In other words, ice absorbs heat from the water.
热量是衡量分子运动的一个指标：一个物体分子的移动越快，物体所包含的热量就越多。由于一切物体都由分子组成且分子总在不断地运动，所以每个物体或多或少都包含着一些热量。
我们都知道，冰的温度要比温水低。由于冰分子移动缓慢且相互连结得十分紧密，因此它们产生的热量相对较少。如果把冰块放入一杯分子移动较快的水中，冰块就会开始吸收热量，这是由于热量总是会从高温地带转移到低温地带，从而使温度均衡。也就是说，冰块从水中吸收热量。
水分子在失去热量后运动减慢，继而水温降低。这可能跟我们所想的恰恰相反：当我们把冰放入水中，冰不会把自己的低温传给水，而是从水中吸收热量。
As the water molecules lose energy, they begin to slow down, and consequently to cool. So, it’s kind of the opposite of what we might think: when we put ice in water, the ice doesn’t give its cold to the water, it takes heat from the water.
The cooling process actually happens in stages. Because ice floats, it cools the water near the top of the glass first. As the top layer of water cools, its density increases, causing it to sink to the bottom. The lower layer, less dense and therefore more buoyant, floats to the top and is cooled in turn.
这个冷却过程实际上是分阶段进行的。由于冰块会浮在水面上，所以最上层的水会先变凉。上层的水冷却后，它的密度会增大，上层的水会往下沉。而下层的水由于密度较小于是会上浮，进而又被冷却，依次循环下去。
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