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说说因胃气发出的响声
Bang!
呃!
There’s nothing that sends the stomach up into the throat quite as effectively as a sudden, unexpected loud noise at close range.
胃气上行至喉咙最明显的表现就是从喉咙附近发出一声大响，很突然，让人猝不及防。
What Gives?
响从何来?
Counted in this category of shocking sounds is the accidental popping of a balloon or the forceful smashing of an air-filled paper bag. But why are these things so loud? It makes sense that the metal-on-metal clash of banging cymbals creates a racket, but air, paper and latex? What gives?
类似这种具有震撼力的响声还有气球突然爆裂或用力打破一个充满空气的纸袋时发出的声响。但是，为什么这些东西会发出这么大响声呢?像铜钹那样金属间互相碰撞产生的响声还讲得通，但空气、纸和橡胶怎么会发出这么大的响声?是什么让它们作响呢?
As most of us know from elementary school science class, sound travels in waves. More specifically, sound consists of waves of pressure transmitted through the air to the ears. When a sound wave hits the ear it signals a change in pressure to the inner ear. A sensitive instrument, the inner ear can detect minute changes in pressure and interprets these changes as sounds. So logically, the higher the change in pressure, the louder the sound.
我们从小学科学课上就学过，声音是以波的形式传播的。说的具体些，由压力波组成的声音通过空气传到人耳。声波撞击人耳后会向内耳发送一个压力改变的信号。内耳就像一部精密仪器，可以探测到压力的微小变化并把这些变化转换成声音。因此，从逻辑上讲，压力变化越大，声音就越大。
It’s All About Waves
一切都跟波有关
If we think about the air inside a balloon or paper bag as a large, contained pressure wave, then the puzzle begins to make sense. Both balloon and paper bag contain pressurized air pushing out against the sides.
如果我们把气球或纸袋里的空气想成一个巨大的充满压力波的容器，那么这个谜就可以解开了。气球和纸袋里都含有带压空气，这些空气向四周接触面上施压。
When the balloon pops or the bag is compressed, the pressurized air rushes out all at once in a powerful wave. Think of an ocean wave. The larger the wave, the more powerfully it crashes into the surf. When the highly pressurized wave from a popped balloon or bag hits the ear, the inner ear translates the sudden increase in pressure as a loud, ringing pop.
等到气球破了，袋子瘪了，带压气体就立刻以强力波的形式向外冲出。这让我们想到了海浪。波浪越大，拍岸就越有力。从气球或袋子里冲出的高压波撞击到人耳时，内耳就把这种突然升高的压力转换成一声巨大、响亮的爆破声。
Disturbed Elephants 不安的大象
Here’s a gruesome hypothetical: If you and your family were rounded up, and you were forced to watch as older relatives were killed, how would it affect you? Needless to say, you’d be horrified. You’d probably also be deeply disturbed for a long time afterwards. Maybe forever.
设想这样一个可怕的场景：你和家人遭受围捕，你被迫目睹长辈被杀，这会对你产生怎样的影响?毫无疑问，你吓坏了。你可能会在之后的很长一段时间内都深感不安，或许这种感觉会持续一生。
Regular Culling 常规猎杀
For some non human species, that grisly scenario is all too common. For instance, up until a few decades ago elephant populations were regularly culled. That is, family groups were herded into a tight space so that hunters could shoot and kill the older individuals. The practice was actually meant to help elephants, because park officials worried they’d grow too numerous and overrun the area.
对于除人以外的一些生物而言，这种可怕的场景是十分常见的。比如几十年前，大象会经常遭受屠杀，借此控制它们的种群数量。捕猎者会将整个大象家族赶入一个狭小的空间，并枪杀其中一些年老的大象。因为公园管理员担心大象数量的增多会超出园区的负载限度，所以这种猎杀大象的行为实际上是在帮助它们。
But research has shown that the surviving elephants are often deeply disturbed. One study found that elephants from a culled group had serious problems with social and other behaviors. For example, a group of orphaned male elephants killed more than one-hundred rhinoceroses over a decade — behavior that’s highly abnormal.
但是调查表明，那些在猎杀中幸存下来的大象常常会深感不安。一项研究显示，这些幸存的大象在社交和其他行为方面会出现严重的问题。例如，一群失去亲人的雄性大象在近十年中杀死了一百多头犀牛。这是极端反常的行为。
Lose Elders, Lose Educators 失去长辈即失去经验
Another study found that culling survivors responded chaotically to elephant calls broadcast by scientists in a nearby jeep. The animals seemed at a loss — sometimes taking defensive measures, but not necessarily in response to calls from alien or more socially dominant females, as they normally would.
另一项研究显示，当科学家在那些幸存下来大象附近的一辆吉普车中播放大象的叫声时，它们的回应十分混乱。它们显得茫然无措，有时还会采取防御措施。这并不像它们在正常情况下回应外来客或是族群中地位更高的母象所表现出的那样。
Scientists speculate that’s because elephants typically learn these important behaviors from their elders. And when those elders are culled or poached, the younger elephants may not learn how to respond to potential threats. Elephants that don’t know how to defend themselves have less chance of surviving and reproducing. Although culling is no longer practiced, poaching is. And it may have similar effects.
科学家推测这是因为大象通常会从长辈身上学到这些重要的行为。当长辈遭受屠杀或偷猎后，年幼的小象在面临潜在威胁时会显得不知所措。不知道怎样保护自己的大象，其幸存机率便会降低，繁殖能力也会减弱。尽管如今屠杀大象的行为已经消失，但非法狩猎仍会产生类似的效果。
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