玩转托福独立写作举例论证
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什么是举例论证
例证法是对分论点进行展开的一种非常有效的方法，不同于逻辑论证，它更多偏重对某一种经历或事实的论述，从自己的“经验”或社会的“事实”出发，对自己的分论点进行展开或证明。
托福写作举例论证的优势
例证法的第一个优势是调节字数。例证法的一个特点是“生动具体性”，只有将例子填充足够多的背景和细节信息，才能够给读者带来充分的“代入感”，从而到达说服人的目的。而细节的详略具体程度就可以成为字数调节的一个工具。在论证部分，如果逻辑论证不好展开或者展开的篇幅比较小，这个时候就可以用一个详实具体的例子来增加展开的丰满度;如果逻辑论证本身就足够详实，就可以用一个稍微概括性的例子来增加展开。但要注意一点，增加细节不是没有重点或无意义地随意扩充，一定要保证例证与分论点的相关性，具体如何操作，我们会在下文中进行展开。
例证法的第二个优势就是它适用于逻辑性弱以及词汇贫乏的同学，对于逻辑性弱一点的同学，尤其是年纪比较小的考生，可能本身论理思维没有那么严密，在推导过程中很容易出现逻辑链的缺失，或者无法用准确的词表达出抽象性的概念，所以逻辑展开并不能恰当地运用好;而例证法则可以用相对平实具体的语言描述经历，从而对分论点进行说明和展开，所以从这个角度来说，它的运用就会更加简单一些。
托福写作如何使用例证法
例证法看似简单，但用的恰当却并不容易。
一个好的例子应该具备三个特点：相关性，细节性以及结论性。
l 相关性
例子本身是作为论据的一部分，它最核心的作用就是去证明的分论点，所以例子本身的逻辑和内容必须贴切主题句，也就是分论点。而主题句本身包括主题(topic)和观点态度(controlling idea)两个部分，所以例证本身也是针对于这两个方面进行例证展开。比如对于Technology has improved people`s living conditions significantly这样的主题句，它的主题是technology，而观点态度是has improved people`s living conditions significantly，所以我们对应将这两方面进行具体事例扩充：technology扩充为空调(air conditioner), 而improved people`s living conditions significantly可以初步扩充为“空调没普及的时候，人们在夏天非常难受;空调发明后，人们在夏天很享受”。
l 细节性
例证作为论据区别于逻辑的最大一点在于它是“生动具体”的，给读者强烈的真实感和共鸣感，所以它必须要填充详细具体的细节作为支撑。
细节填充的第一个原则就是W&H原则，补充when，where，who，why以及how的这些信息;尽量用具体的时间(three years ago; in 1988; when I was in 3 grade等)来替换掉模糊的时间概念(in the past, before等)，用具体人名(my cousin John)来替代泛指的人称(someone, a classmate);
第二个原则要扩充详细的修饰语，比如对于“我丢了一个帽子”，扩充修饰语就意味着你要补充各类信息，扩充之后就是“我在今天上午等202公交车的时候，把我妈妈给我缝制的红色毛线帽子丢在了站台长椅上”，有了足够多的信息补充，才会让读者有身临其境的代入感。
那对于上一个空调的例子，我们加入足够多的细节就变成“在1950s，中国的人们→忍受高温+甚至在南方引发高温病;现在的人们，有空调→终结高温+室内开凉爽派对空调让人们在夏天更舒适。”
l 结论性
例子证明也是论证过程，是论证就有分析和结论，所以在例证列举之后，要加上对分论点的总结和重申。而总结的方法可以用一个简单的因果链，也可以用强调句的形式。
因果：Because of the invention of air conditioner, we can enjoy a delightful summer now.
强调：It is the invention of air conditioner that enables people to enjoy a delightful summer now.
以上整个例子的呈现如下：
Technology has improved people`s living conditions significantly. For instance, in 1950s, people in China had to suffer the extremely high temperature during summer every single year, and in some southern regions, people even got ill caused by the horrible weather sometimes. However, as the technology developed, the invention of air conditioner has ended the intolerable suffering of hot summer, and nowadays people can have parties and gatherings in the cool indoor rooms. Therefore，because of the invention of air conditioner, we can enjoy a delightful summer now.
在进行例子的论证时，一定要记得例子本身最核心的作用是为了证明分论点，务必要紧贴着分论点进行例证展开，同时要补充足够的细节从而增加例子的生动具体性，给读者更多的代入感和真实感，最后就是要利用例子去分析和重申分论点。
托福范文：不应强制规定必须上课
【题目】
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
【范文】Class Attendance Should Not Be Compulsory
It is undoubtedly true that students should take their studies seriously. This means not only doing the required work, but also actively pursuing every opportunity to learn. So of course they should attend their classes to receive the maximum benefit. However, I do not believe that there is a need to make class attendance mandatory at the university level.
By the time they reach university, students are no longer children. They are young adults and should be able to take responsibility for their actions. Attending their classes is of benefit to them, and while it may be tempting to skip them once in a while, it is not the responsible choice. Adults must be able to manage their time on their own and to make their own decisions. If a student misses too many classes and so does poorly in a course, he will have to accept the consequences and learn from his mistake. Finally, non-compulsory class attendance may not only lead to improvements in the students, but also in the teaching. Of course, every professor likes to see full attendance at his classes. If students are not coming to class, the professor should ask himself why. Perhaps the students do not understand the relevance of the material to their studies.
In conclusion, I believe that class attendance should not be required for university students. They should learn to make the right decisions for themselves, and this is one way to encourage the development of independence and responsibility.
[简译】不应该强制规定必须上课
学生应该认真对待自己的学业，这无疑是正确的。这也就意味着，学生不仅要完成学校所要求的功课，也要主动寻求各种学习机会。所以，学生当然应该去上课，以得到最多的益处。然而我认为，到了大学阶段，就没有必要强制规定学生上课一定要出席。
学生上了大学就不再是小孩子了，他们是年轻的成人，应该有能力为自己的行为负责。上课对他们是有益的，虽然偶尔逃课颇令人心动，但这并不是负责任的选择。成年人必须能够管理自己的时间，自己做决定。如果学生因为缺课太多而使某个科目考得很差，他就必须接受后果，从自己的错误中吸取教训。最后，不强制上课可能不仅使学生进步，而且也可改善教学。当然，每位教授都乐于见到自己上课时的学生出席率为百分之百。如果学生不来上课，教授应该扪心自问为什么会如此。或许是因为学生们不了解上课的内容和学业之间有何关联。
总之，我认为不应该强制规定大学生上课必须出席。他们应该学习自己做正确的决定，而这正是鼓励学生培养独立精神和责任感的方法之一。
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