托福独立写作——“举例论证”套路深
掌握到一些实用的托福写作技巧，会让你事半功倍，下面小编给大家带来托福独立写作 —— “举例论证”套路深，来学习学习这个套路吧！
托福独立写作 —— “举例论证”套路深
"exemplification"是托福独立写作行文论证中的一个要点。
今天，我们以2019年5月4日和2018年9月2日的真题为例给大家一些关于exemplification的建议(内容、篇幅、位置、技巧)。
2018年9月2日 独立写作题目
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The best way for a teacher to help students get interested in a subject is to explain how this subject will help students live better outside school.
写作范文
【立场：同意】
【下文的(长)段落是一个举例论证的经典用法】
段落开始是中心句：First, when students are fully aware that what they learn have economic benefits, they are likely to put in time and energy for the sake of money.
然后，用例子去诠释道理：For instance, a teacher of writing may fail when the teacher tries to interest the students with big reasons like brain development or a display of intellect. As a matter of fact, the teacher could relate the proficiency in writing togood argumentation skills. The teacher could let the students know that when bargaining with employers over salaries, employees need to make a compelling case, and that learning writing is to foster the skills in developing a good line of reasoning. Students may be motivated as a result.
这个例子的篇幅为88 words。例子结束时，段落的行文就结束了。
【下文的(短)段落仍然是举例论证的经典用法】
段落开始时说两句(最多三句)道理：Teachers could also demonstrate other practical uses of a subject, such as dating and socializing. Students may be intrigued since these activities are essential in one’s personal life.
然后，用例子去诠释道理：One of my peer teachers always tells his students that knowing fun facts of history can impress girls. As the boys in the class hear that, they show great interest in History. Obviously, which of the boys does not want to create a good impression on the girl he likes?
这个例子的篇幅为50 word。例子结束时，段落的行文就结束了。
这两个段落都是把例子放在了最经典的位置：讲述道理之后。并且，例子的结束就是段落的结束。
例子的内容都是有细节的：两个例子里都提及了具体 subject以及对应的具体benefit。
2019年5月4日 独立写作题目
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The most important goal of education is to teach people how to educate themselves.
写作范文
【立场：同意】
段落开始时说一句道理(不是段落中心句，而是道理的开始)：Some knowledge, constantly updated, is not permanent and may expire.
然后立刻用一个例子去诠释道理(例子没有出现在道理完全说完的时候，而是立刻诠释上一句：For example, in the worlds of physics and chemistry, some equations, principles or formulas that used to be gold have been disproven.
这个例子的篇幅为22 word。
继续讲道理(依托例子)，并且把道理讲完：In this constant change, no educational institutions are able to teach all of the knowledge about the world in the given time, and a person needs to possess the ability to learn independently after the time, and the ability needs to be fostered when the person is still in school.
然后，用例子去诠释道理(但是在例子出现前，有一个短句过渡)：This is important. 例子出现，诠释道理的主要部分：Take my father as an example, and he can well represent the whole generation whose knowledge learned during their college years may be outdated. Thanks to their ability to educate themselves developed during the college time, they are able to keep pace with the updates of knowledge and are still active in the workplace. They would otherwise be replaced with the younger workforce, whose education teaches the latest knowledge.
这个例子的篇幅为69 word。例子结束时，段落的行文就结束了。
这个段落里，有两个例子，一“大”一“小”。 两个例子的内容是有细节的：具体的 subjects，具体的人物。
大例子出现在最经典的位置：讲述道理完毕，例子出现。并且，例子的结束就是段落的结束。值得注意的是：这个段落里的“小”例子是适时的出现在讲道理的过程中的，而不是等道理全部讲完再有例子。看来，举例论证并不一定是一个论证段落里只能有一个例子，当一句话描述一个道理后，都可以立刻用一个例子去诠释。当然，这个段落里，最后又回到了经典结构，道理说完时，“大”例子压轴。
那么，问题来了：是不是主体部分的段落都需要经典形式的“大”例子压轴呢?下一期写作范文为你揭晓……
托福写作中的10个小技巧
1：你的时间预算。
You have only a half hour in which to complete your work, You should use your time more or less as shown below::
Reading and thinking about the topic 2-3 minutes
Planning and taking notes 2-3 minutes
Writing the essay approximately 20 minutes~
Checking the essay 3-5 minutes
2：仔细阅读问题。
You must write on the topic exactly as it is given。
3：头脑风暴。
Before you begin to write, spend a minute or two “brainstorming。” Think about the topic and the best way to approach ti。
4：写你计划的文章。
You don’t have to write out a formal outline with Roman numerals, capital letters, and so on. However, you should make some notes. By following your notes, you can organize your essay before you write, leaving you free to concentrate on the task of writing。
5：确保你的笔迹是尽可能清晰。
Handwriting that is hard to read may unconsciously prejudice the readers who are grading you essay. Be sure your handwriting is not too small or too large。
6：遵循一个明确，逻辑结构。
All TWE essay should consist of three basic parts:
An introductory paragraph
An body: consists of two or three paragraphs。
A concluding paragraph
7：使用具体的例子，具体原因。
Whenever you make a general statement, you should support it with specific examples。
8：使用信号词来表示的转换。
Signal words can be used to join paragraph to paragraph and sentence to sentence。
9：使用不同的句子类型。
Good writing in English consists of a more or less equal balance between short, simple sentences consisting of only one clause and longer sentences containing two or more clauses. Therefore, make an effort to use sentences of various lengths。
10：检查作文错误。
Don’t cross out long sections or try to add a lot of new material. Look for obvious errors in punctuation, spelling, and capitalization as well as common grammatical mistakes。
托福写作开头如何用两方观点描述
托福写作一个很大的部分就是开头的好坏，先不论托福综合写作模板中的一些写法，托福写作范文中有不少对独立写作部分都有一种特殊的开头写法。
那么我们都知道，一篇较好的托福作文需要字数达到400-450左右，然而我们的规定时间只有短短的30分钟，可想而知，托福写作的字数压力还是比较大的。所以我们建议，开头段不应该占据太多时间，我们应该多留一些时间给后面主体段的扩展，让文章更加充实。通常开头段的要求是字数在70-100词左右，时间控制在3-5分钟。不排除有些学生拿到题目就能文思泉涌的敲出一篇开头，但是对于大多数学生来说，紧张的时间再加上紧张的情绪，在开头段就会卡壳。那么针对这大多数的情况，我们有没有什么解决办法呢?今天，我们就介绍一种比较好用的适用于开头的托福综合写作模版，这种方法有个专业的名字叫做“背景争议法”。
既然名字都叫背景争议了，那么大家猜猜看，这个方法大致能分为几个部分呢?首先是背景，何谓背景，也是就一种引入话题的高超技术;其次是争议，什么叫争议，也就是你同意我不同意，这个部分就是正反方观点;最后，再回到我们所强调的开头的主要任务，最重要的是表明自己的立场。那么总结来说，背景争议法的三要素就是背景、正反方观点和个人观点。那么接下来我们用一个题目来看看，这种方法要怎么使用。
Do you agree or disagree: money is the most important aspect in a job?
首先拿到这个题目，我们可以看到要谈论的是钱对于工作的重要性，那么在开头段我们要如何引入话题呢?我们可以这样写：
In contemporary society, it has become a hot issue that whether money is the most important aspect in a job. People’s opinions about it vary from person to person.
“在现代社会，钱到底是不是工作中最重要的部分，这个话题引起了大家的热烈讨论，大家的观点各不相同”。很显然，这是个引入主题的好方法。
接下来是正反方观点，也就是一些人同意而另一些人不同意的部分了：
A number of supporters of that viewpoint claim that money is very important on account of its necessity to satisfy our daily needs, but other people who are opposite to that view hold that other factors like interest and social liability are also significant aspects in a job.
可以看到，我们在托福写作范文中介绍各方观点的时候可以适当的加上一下你可以想到的简单理由来帮我们填充开头。
最后一部分是个人观点，也就是表达自己看法的时候，大家对于这个应该是非常擅长了，无非就是就我个人来说，我的看法是什么：
As for as I am concerned, I am convinced that money is not always the most important.
我们可以看到，背景争议法的开头写法结构和思路都是非常清晰的。
托福范文：书本知识与实际经验
【题目】
It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?
【范文】 Book Knowledge vs Experience
Knowledge can be acquired from many sources. These include books, teachers and practical experience, and each has its own advantages. The knowledge we gain from books and formal education enables us to learn about things that we have no opportunity to experience in daily life. We can study all the places in the world and learn from people we will never meet in our lifetime, just by reading about them in books. We can also develop our analytical skills and learn how to view and interpret the world around us in different ways. Furthermore, we can learn from the past by reading books. In this way, we won't repeat the mistakes of others and can build on their achievements.
Practical experience, on the other hand, can give us more useful knowledge. It is said that one learns best by doing, and I believe that this is true, whether one is successful or not. In fact, I think making mistakes is the best way to learn. Moreover, if one wants to make new advances, it is necessary to act. Innovations do not come about through reading but through experimentation. Finally, one can apply the skills and insights gained through the study of books to practical experience, making an already meaningful experience more meaningful. However, unless it is applied to real experiences, book knowledge remains theoretical and, in the end, is useless. That is why I believe that knowledge gained from practical experience is more important than that acquired from books.
【参考译文】 书本知识与实际经验
获得知识的来源有很多，其中包括书本、老师，以及实际经验，而每一种都有其优点。从书本上及正规教育中所获得的知识使我们知道在日常生活中没有机会亲身去体验的事。通过读书，我们可以研究世界各地的资料，还可以向不曾谋面的人学习。我们也可以培养分析的技巧，并学习如何以不同的方式去观察并理解周围的世界。此外，我们可以通过读书，从历史中获取教训。如此一来，就不会再重复别人的错误，并且能够以他人的成就作为我们行动的基础。
另一方面，实际经验能够给我们更多有用的知识。大家都说从做中学的效果最好，我也认为的确如此，无论一个人成功与否。事实上，我认为犯错是最好的学习方式。此外，如果想要有新的进展，就必须要付诸行动。想要创新，只靠阅读是不够的，必须要去实践。最后，我们可以将通过读书所获得的技巧和见解应用于实际经验中，使得原本有意义的经验变得更有意义。不过，除非我们能将书本知识运用于实际经验中，否则书本知识终究仍只是理论，毫无用处。那就是为什么我会认为从实际经验中获得的知识比从书本中所得到的知识更为重要。
【注释】
acquire v.获得 source n.来源
practical adj.实际的 gain v.获得
formal adj.正规的 study v.研究
achievements n.(pl.)成就 on the other hand另一方面
innovation n.创新 come about产生
theoretical adj.理论的 in the end到最后;终究
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