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实例讲解托福独立写作拆分法的使用技巧

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  在托福独立写作备考中,大家都会用一些技巧来更好完成独立作文。这其中就有一种方法叫估拆分法。在托福独立写作考试中拆分法是如何应用的呢?下面就跟小编一起还学习一下,希望对大家托福备考有帮助。

  实例讲解托福独立写作拆分法的使用技巧

  名词的拆分

  我们来看下面的例子:

  The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than those made in foreign countries.

  我们需要思考的问题是:哪些国外的电影和电视节目(movies and television programs)可以引起我们的兴趣呢?这些电影和电视节目可能涉及历史和自然景点(historical and scenic spots)、传统和风俗(tradition and customs)、奇闻和传说(anecdotes and legends)或者是宗教信仰(religious beliefs)等——因此,全文可以从上述任意三个方面展开。

  有些考生会尝试着拆分foreign countries. 他们将foreign counties拆分为美国、英国和印度:美国的电影和电视节目更多彰显美国文化大熔炉的特征(cultural melting pot);英国的电影和电视节目更多表现了“日不落帝国”(the empire on which the Sun never sets)的“光辉岁月”(splendid moment);印度的电影和电视节目更多体现了千年的历史积淀(historical sediments)——这也是一种可行的拆分方法。

  时间的拆分

  我们来看下面的例子:

  Students are more influenced by their teachers than by their friends.

  这道题目中有三个名词。首先,我们不推荐简单地将students拆分为好学生、一般的学生和坏学生——因为这种划分标准过于“主观”,什么是“好学生”?他们区别于坏学生的标准仅仅是学习成绩吗?

  如果将teachers划分为语文老师、数学老师、英语老师,虽然划分的依据是客观的,但这三类老师在多大程度上会以不同的方式影响学生呢——在现实生活中,这三类老师可能影响学生的方面是相同的。

  将friends拆分为好朋友、较好的朋友、一般的朋友——这样的划分标准不但不清楚,而且这三种朋友在对学生个人的影响方面也很难存在明显的差异。

  那么,面对这种题目我们应该怎么办呢?如果题目中不存在合适的可以被拆分的名词,我们需要考虑的是题目中所“隐含”的拆分条件,如:时间 和 地点。

  如果从 时间 的角度来拆分students,我们不难想到:对小学生、中学生和大学生而言,老师所教授他们的东西是“截然相异”的,这些也是朋友所不能做到的。老师教授学生的内容有:小学时期最为基础的道德规范(basic moral standards)、中学时期的知识(knowledge)和大学时期的社会经验(social experience)。一般而言,我们可以把个人的成长分为儿童时期(in early childhood)、少年时期(in adolescence)和成人时期(in adulthood)等。

  地点的拆分

  我们来看下面的例子:

  Students can get as many benefits from organization activities as they can get from academic studies.

  这道题目有多种拆分方法。我们既可以拆分students(小学生、中学生、大学生),又可以拆分benefits(扩展视野、提高能力、交朋友),当然也可以拆分organization activities. 在哪里的组织活动呢?在校内(on campus),学生参加大量组织活动,如兴趣小组(hobby groups),可以“学以致用”(apply theory into practice);在校外(off campus),学生可以以志愿者(volunteer)的形式参加公益活动(public benefit activities),进而培养自身的社会责任感(social responsibility)。一般而言,我们可以从家庭(at home)、学校(in school)、单位(in the workplace)三个地点对题目进行拆分,这也是和个人的生活、学习和工作三个方面紧密相连的。

  看了上面的方法,大家可以拿一些真题来进行练习,无论是从官方真题Official中还是从机经中,都可以找到真题进行练习,这样对自己的托福独立写作提高很有帮助。

  如何有效地提高托福写作水平

  第一,需要考生有一定的英语语法基础。

  语法一直是中国英语教育的核心,对于中国学生来讲一般不是太大的困难。而且新托福写作对于学生的语法要求不会很高,在懂得主谓宾正常的构句规则的基础上,加上对各种从句以及几个特殊句式(强调句、倒装句)的运用,就足以应付托福写作。很多基础相对来说薄弱的考生经常会遇到的困境是:对英语的语法产生恐惧,因为不写不错,一写就错。这部分考生克服这个困难的办法是:多去动笔写,写完了让老师或者是身边英语比较好的同学帮忙改,弄懂每一个语法错误是为什么道理,切不可消极怠工,意志沉沦。

  第二,文章结构最重要。

  托福写作通常是一个五段三点式的写作,通常我们也叫鱼骨头(Fish Bone)式。这样的结构就是最为普遍的议论文结构,开头段+中间三段+结尾段。千万不要小看这样的结构,以为这样的结构过于简单,过于八股。其实,新托福写作考查的也就是考生是否会熟练运用这样的结构去表达自己对一个观点的看法。美国的高中生会专门用一年的时间来学习这样的结构。所以在准备托福写作的时候,应该特别注意要熟练运用五段三点式这样的结构。

  第三,语言需要有一定程度上的多样性。

  语言多样性分为句式的多样性和词汇的多样性。新托福考试说到底,还是在考查学生的语言能力。文章结构就是一个人的骨架,那么剩下来的工作就是需要往这具空空的骨架中添加进生动的血肉,这就是我们的语言了。新托福写作考试对于考生的语言水平最基本的要求是没有太多的语法错误,也就是考生所犯的语法错误不会影响到文章的理解。在这个基础上,新托福考试还要求学生会熟练运用一些句式、词汇,使文章看起来很native。句式的多样性是很容易通过老师的指导在短时间内得到迅速的提升的,但是词汇的多样性却要在很大程度上依靠考生自己平时自身的积累,光靠老师的总结是远远不够的,再好的老师也永远不可能把所有的词汇总结出来。对于想要在写作部分取得高分的考生而言的(所谓的高分就是写作部分得到25分以上)就必须下工夫去提高自己语言多样性上的修养,对于普通的考生而言,只需要适当运用就可。

  第四,我们必须注意中西方文化的差异对于我们新托福写作的影响。

  在新托福写作中我们一定要使用演绎式的写作方式,切忌使用归纳式的方式。原因在于:使用演绎式的写作方式,一开始就亮出观点,使读者很清晰地明白作者的观点,于是读者就会更好地理解下面的相关论证,使得读者更容易觉得文章的思路清晰,逻辑严密;而使用归纳式的写作方式,读者在阅读之前的论证的时候,自己心里也会产生一个自己的观点,也就是说读者自己就会先于作者得出一个观点,要是当最后作者的观点与读者的观点相异时,就会很容易的使读者认为作者的思路不清晰,逻辑不严密。

  第五,我们必须要注意新托福机考的特殊性。

  很多孩子平时在家都使用的是笔记本电脑,而正式考试的时候使用是台式机,笔记本电脑和台式机的键盘是有所区别的,手感也是有很大的差异,所以平时练习写作的时候需要使用最普通的电脑键盘。这些细节往往就是决定成败的重要砝码。

  托福独立写作的三类高频句型

  托福独立写作三类高频句型整理:提出背景句式

  1)It’s generally agreed that ... ... (人们普遍认为... ...)

  2)There is a growing body of opinion that ... ... (越来越多的人认为... ...)

  3)An increasing number of people have the tendency to believe that ... ... (越来越多的人倾向于认为... ...)

  4)Some people, especially the old, believe that ... ... (一些人,尤其是老人,认为... ...)

  5)Other people, the young in particular, argue that ... ... (别的人,尤其是年轻人,认为... ...)

  6)Some current analyses conclude that ... ... (当下的一些分析表明... ...)

  7)... ... is a heated topic in our times. (... ...是我们这个时代火热的一个话题)

  8)The topic about ... ... has been raging for decades. (关于... ...的话题已经风行几十年了)

  9)... ... is an eternal/a perpetual topic in our daily lives. (... ...是我们日常生活中一个永恒的话题)

  10)... ... is one of the most talked about topics in the contemporary society. (... ...是当代社会讨论最多的话题之一)

  11)Recently, the impact that ... ... has had on our daily lives, in general,is huge and undeniable. (近年来, ... ...对我们日常生活的影响,总的来说,是巨大且不可避免的)

  12)With the gradual perfection and progressive amelioration of ... ..., sweeping changes have been brought into our lives. (随着... ...的不断完善和进一步提高,人们的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化)

  13)In terms of ... ..., sometimes we find ourselves in dilemmas. (谈到... ...时,我们有时候会发现自己左右为难)

  托福独立写作三类高频句型整理:个人观点句式

  1)I am totally convinced that ... ... (我百分百确信... ...)

  2)I personally tend to believe that ... ... (我个人倾向于认为... ...)

  3)From my perspective, ... ... is without doubt a better option. (依我看,... ...毫无疑问是个更好的选择)

  4)According to the evidence offered above, I can hardly agree that ... ...(综合以上证明,我很难同意... ...)

  5)With respect to ... ..., I am pretty sure that I’m on the same/opposite side of it.(关于... ...,我很确定是站在正/反方的立场)

  6)Although it’s no simple task for us to make a prudent and satisfying choice, I still wholeheartedly believe that ... ... (尽管对于我们来说,做一个谨慎友令人满意的选择是很困难的,但是我仍然全心全意地相信... ...)

  托福独立写作三类高频句型整理:引出争议句式

  1)There is no consensus on whether...yet. (关于是否该... ...,现在仍然没有一个定论)

  2)Whether...is an issue open to debate. (是否该... ...,这是一个有待讨论的问题)

  3)Whether...is a boon or bane is still open to debate. (... ...是好是坏/是对是错,这有待讨论)

  4)The issue of whether…has triggered intense debate. (是否该... ...,这个问题引发了一个激烈的讨论)

  5)The debate over whether...has been going on for a long time. (关于... ...的讨论已经持续很长时间了)

  6)When it comes to ... ..., people tend to hold different viewpoints. (当谈到... ...的时候,人们倾向于持有不同的观点)

  7)Most of the public tend to advocate that ... ... ,while I doubt whether the argument needs more analyses. (大多数人倾向于主张... ..., 但是我认为这有待进一步讨论)

  托福写作范文:保护环境与提供更多的粮食哪个重要?

  写作题目:

  Modern agriculture methods damage the environment, but providing food for the growing population around the world is more important than protecting the environment.现代的农业作业方法对环境有伤害,但是给全世界与日俱增的人群提供粮食比保护环境更重要。

  范文:

  Modern agriculture methods like the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers are widely used around the world. Along with such brings forth negative effects. The most obvious and detrimental impact of modern agriculture methods is environmental degradation. Many people believe that the environmental risks should not be taken into consideration since many people are suffering from the lack of food. I certainly disagree with this.

  To begin with, despite the fact that there are people who suffer from starvation, the reason is not because of the lack of food. As a matter of fact, tons of grains and corns are wasted every year. If the government and the general public really care about starving people, they should have enough ability and adequate materials to offer help. People suffer just because of bad management, worldwide corruption, and terrible indifference. So there is no need to destroy wilderness areas or use environmentally-damaging agricultural methods to increase productivity. The world nowadays has more food than we need. As long as corruption and bad management are eradicated, the world would see less people starving.

  Besides, the statement asserts that providing food for a growing number of people is more urgent than the protection of environment. I find this statement totally unconvincing. People’s survival depends on the environment. More often than not, whenever the environment gets damaged, the deleterious effects are always irreversible. In other words, once the environment on which we depend on is disrupted, our lives are placed at risk. Modern agriculture, although it provides enough food, has contaminated the water and soil. When people eat crops grown with polluted water and soil, diseases will break out sooner or later. Genetically modified crops, although their negative effects are not obvious and not yet confirmed, should also be treated with great care, for it is reported that dogs, cats, and other pets become sick after ingesting GM food. If human beings are negatively affected by modern agriculture, untold dire consequences will arise. People will suffer from diseases and the government will shoulder considerable medical bills. Worse, the society may become unstable and inharmonious.

  From the above discussion, I can draw the conclusion that there are other more effective methods to address starvation. No matter how much food we produce, as long as corruption and wasteful use exist, there will always be starving people. Besides, a healthy natural environment is a basic requirement of our survival. We cannot increase food production at the expense of our environment, lest we are bound to suffer for our inconsideration and recklessness.

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