官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析(原TPO)

现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分，如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。

官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1题目

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

Question 2 of 14

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

A. cause some deer to hibernate

B. make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

C. make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

D. prevent deer from migrating during the winter

Question 3 of 14

The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. consists of

B. combines

C. restricts

D. establishes

Question 4 of 14

The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. impatiently

B. humorously

C. continuously

D. immediately

Question 5 of 14

The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.

B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.

C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.

Question 6 of 14

According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?

A. The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.

B. Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.

C. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.

D. Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.

Question 7 of 14

Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?

A. To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline

B. To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment

C. To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement

D. To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status

Question 8 of 14

The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to period

A. whose end has not been determined

B. that does not begin when expected

C. that lasts only briefly

D. whose importance remains unknown

Question 9 of 14

Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.

B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.

C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.

D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.

Question 10 of 14

The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. decline

B. recovery

C. exchange

D. movement

Question 11 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

Question 12 of 14

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?

A. A reduction in the number of predators

B. Restrictions on hunting

C. The effects of logging and fire

D. Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the winter..

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.

A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.

B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.

C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.

D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.

E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.

F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.

官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1解析

Question 1 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。A说反，white-tailed deer现在生活在lowlands和marshes，而不是A说的来源于;B的比较关系原文无提及;C的replace没有提及。

Question 2 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：段落倒数第二句“Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.”意思是：深秋时，鹿可能会从夏天高海拔吃草地区迁移到低地地区。深秋也就是快到冬天了，因为高地食物不够了，所以才去低地。对应B选项。很多同学会错选C，这部分同学应该是定位到了最后一句话：Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.说即使有雪覆盖地面，高的understory会暴露(understory指的是林下植被)，而且还说风会leafy branches吹下来。C虽然提到了understory，但是easier说法和原文不符，原文说的是高的understroy在会曝露出来，有一定局限性，也没体现出比起以前更简单。A在原文物体及;D说冬天迁徙与上文的late fall冲突，也错。

Question 3 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：inhibit: 阻止，阻拦。A是组成;B是结合;C是限制，约束;D是建立。根据词意，C正确。对应原文：Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.后半句说鹿吃别的东西去了，说明没有这种草，也就是这种草没长起来，之前说森林怎么样了这种草的生长，当然是阻止，A组成B结合意思差不多，都不对。D建立完全不靠谱。

Question 4 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：in the same breath从表面意思上说就是在同一个呼吸的时候，其实能够猜出文中的意思应该是同时或者立刻之意，所以D的immediately对。A是没有耐心的;B是幽默的;C是连续不断地;D是立即地。对应原文：The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.带回原文，说那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿，但怎么样他们又因为没有鹿而难过，A没耐心B不幽默都不靠谱，C持续不能表达当时人们失望的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难过，不对。

Question 5 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，这两个人明显是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句说他们知道原本有很多鹿的但又没找到，很显然这句话不足以作为一个观点，往前看本段中心句： The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. 本段中心句说鹿的数量变化很大，对应A选项的varied，所以A正确。BCD都没有提及。

Question 6 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：以人名和时间做关键词定位至最后一句：A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops." 说那些鹿gone了，还有被hunt了，所以应该是没有鹿了，B说反，C对;作者只是说把鹿打死为了保护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D不对;A没说。

Question 7 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，前句说the numbers of deer declined still further，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者recall哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案A正确。

Question 8 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：A indefinite: 不定的。indefinite period: 没有限制的时间段。B没有如期开始，C非常短，D不重要都和不定没关系，不靠谱，A答案说这段时间的末端还没定下来，含有不定的意思，正确。

Question 9 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B 问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句说reduction in numbers，与问题中的deer population重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发现没有与之重合的选项，于是可以继续往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同时也有的鹿群繁盛了，众多答案中只有B说到鹿的数量增加，所以答案是B。当然也可以排除法，A选项关于1940s原文说early 1940s，跟答案说的1940s不一样，错;C说黑尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错;原文没有冬夏对比，D错。

Question 10 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B rebound: 反弹。A是下降;B是恢复;C是交换;D是移动。根据词意，正确答案就是B。

Question 11 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B : in addition那部分和后面like举的那两个例子，都是非常次要的信息，可以忽略不看。主干部分缩略一下，去掉一些修饰成分后就变成：AE发现了browse in open areas更加有营养。longtime那里是对这个人的一个修饰(同位语成分)。B选项将主要内容复述了出来。A错在随意篡改语句的注意，原句根本没提到这个人的family;C错在biologist like E，这改变了原文的主语，而且it is important原句没有说;D把原文的非主干部分提升成改写之后句子的主干，结构改变，而且遗漏了主干内容，错。

Question 12 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：D，排除法，原文第一句就说这段主要就在说鹿群数量增加的原因，然后分别用first，second和but the most表明了三个原因，分别对应选项A/B/C选项，所以D是没说的，选D。

Question 13 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B 有三个点，一是副词there指一个地点，所以在正确插入点之前必须存在一个地点，按这个来看，只有B和D有可能;第二和第三个点是待插入句当中的两个名词food和winter，按照上下句有名词重叠的原则，B对D错。

Question 14 of 14

正确答案：BCE

题目解析：The balance选项前半句是对的，但后半句与第一段的最后两句说反，应该是黑多，错 Deer populations选项对应原文第三段首句和第四段第二三句，正确。in the long term选项对应原文第五段首句，第二句和第四句，正确。because选项太细节，不选。although选项对应原文第四段首句和第五句，正确。wildlife选项原文没有提及，错。

托福阅读通读有用么

在《孙子兵法》上有一句话总是被世人朗朗上口的传颂着：知己知彼，百战不殆。那么就我们学术来讲就是要在任何问题上抱着知其然，知其所以然的态度。所以，首先，我们要明白出题人(ETS)的出题意图。

一、考试界面的设置。

参加过考试的或是用模考软件做过练习的“托儿”们都清晰的记得：当一篇托福阅读文章问题出现的之前，一定是先以整篇文章的形式出现的，左边并没有显示题目，只有将文章右边的滚动轴拉至最低端，界面才会自动转换为我们做题的界面，即左边是问题，右边是对应的文章。那么，我们就分析一下为什么ETS有这样的设置?ETS有什么样的意图?ETS想让考生怎么做?这样的设置显而易见ETS是希望考生们可以在做题前将文章大致整体看一遍。就ETS出题的严谨性和科学性而言，这样的设置毋庸置疑是帮助考生提高其做题的速度和正确率的。

我们已经分析完出题人的意图，那么接下来就是要解答界面设置导致的整体阅读有哪些好处，如何帮助考生们答题，如何提高做题速度和正确率的。

二、整体阅读对summary questions的帮助

对于阅读速度不高，英语水平中等或中等以下的“托儿”们普遍反映的一个问题就是：没有时间做最后的summary questions，或是做summary questions的时候不知道到哪里找答案或是正确率低。

我们先来分析一下summary questions，大家都知道这个题型出现在阅读文章的最后一道题，而且是对全文观点的总结。那么，既然是对于全篇文章观点的总结，那么它考察的内容是文章的分论点，即一段或是几段的主要内容。如果是时间不够，考生要直接选，很容易选错，为什么?因为前面的12道题考察的基本上是文章的细节内容。我们都知道细节信息是summary questions的禁忌;所以，凭做题印象直接解题，那么就受前面解题思路的影响，很容易被误导。但如果这时你在做题之前对整篇文章有了一个整体的阅读，并在演草纸上做了大致的笔记，那么summary questions就可以轻而易举的攻破。

为什么?怎么做?

首先，整体阅读不是逐字逐句，是scan文章，了解文章框架。

其次，在演草纸上简单快速的写下文章的主论点，若干个分论点(一段或是几段的主要内容)，即大纲。(没必要是完整的句子，可以参照听力记笔记的方法，符合，中英文结合的方法。)

这样，整体阅读的步骤结束后，在演草纸上就能出来一片文章的框架，并且这个框架大纲可以在最短时间能基本解决summary questions中80%。而且可以帮助考生轻松排除summary questions中的错误选项。

综上所述，做题前的整体阅读是极其必要的。并希望这篇文章对大家解决托福阅读问题上有所帮助。

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