托福句子简化题解题技巧

楚薇分享 2020-06-14 11:28:37

　　句子简化题是托福阅读的必考题。要求考生从四个选项中选出最接近原句主要意思的一个。原句通常在文中以加粗的黑体呈现。下面小编给大家带来如何解答托福阅读句子简化题的内容。

　　托福句子简化题怎么做更好

　　找到原句中的关键的词在选项当中进行同义替换。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

　　B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

　　C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

　　D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

　　先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们的读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。

　　其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。

　　The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

　　B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.

　　C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

　　D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

　　解题思路：

　　句子中最核心的信息首先就是该句的逻辑关系。原句的逻辑关系可以由result from 来判断，为因果关系。借此我们就可以缩小选项范围，首先排除掉C,D选项。剩下的A,B两个选项均包含因果的逻辑关系。接下来我们可以根据句子的第二种核心信息：主语，来判断。原句的主语是Desertification沙漠化，而B项的主语是Slowing down the process of desertification减缓沙漠化进程。所以排除掉B选项，A为正确答案。

　　将通过程度词解题和借助逻辑关系解题结合起来，对于解答带有逻辑关系的复杂句的释义题很有帮助。我们看一下下面这道题目：

　　It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.

　　B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.

　　C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.

　　D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.

　　(本题节选自，新托福考试备考策略与模拟试题，群言出版社，P150，第1题)

　　浏览原句，从because可以看出逻辑关系为因果关系，并且原句当中有绝对化词汇most。仅仅凭借most这个程度很强的词汇我们可以排除C选项。因为原文当中带有绝对化词汇而选项中没有，那么这个选项为必错选项。接下来利用逻辑关系排除A项，A中为转折关系。而B恰恰有because 这个词，此外B中的extremely可以作为most的同义替换。正确答案为B。

　　几乎每一篇文章后面都会有一道释义题，因此考生应加强练习。平时在阅读文章，或者报刊杂志的时候不仅仅要把注意力放在读懂原文上，还应该注意原文的逻辑关系，培养根据逻辑关系思考的习惯。另外，一些程度词的存在也会影响我们对原文的精确理解，平时阅读的时候应当多加关注。

　　最详细的托福阅读句子简化题解题法

　　句子简化题重点考察了考生以下三个方面的能力：

　　一、快速找到原句及选项句的主要信息;

　　二、较好的句法及语法知识;

　　三、句子同义复述(在不改变原句意义前提下)。

　　句子简化题的基本解题步骤为：

　　1、读原句，找出主要信息及主要逻辑;

　　2、读选项，找出各句主要信息及主要逻辑;

　　3、比对，找出最接近原句选项，排除干扰选项，排除次要信息及错误逻辑。

　　要解答好句子简化题，关键是要弄清楚原句及各选项之间的关系。

　　因为各选项是由原句改写而来的，我们需要把握原句与改写句之间 “变” 与 “不变”的关系。

　　首先，我们来说说“不变”。何谓“不变”? 哪些内容“不变”呢?

　　在句子简化题中，不变指的是改写后的句子，与原句相比，有一些方面是不能改变的。这些方面就是：一、主要信息;二、主要逻辑。

　　先谈一下主要信息。由于句子简化题的原句通常都是较为复杂的长难句及复合句，即除了主要信息外，还包含很多的补充信息及次要信息，因而我们要善于区分哪些是主要信息，哪些是次要信息。要解决好这个问题，要求对语法现象中的主句从句有一定的把握。

　　我们以下面的题目为例：

　　In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged

　　conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium

　　hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively

　　sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.

　　Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the

　　highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important

　　ways or leave out essential information.

　　A)The punctuated equilibrium hypothes is challenged gradualism, which holds

　　that species evolve in relatively suddenbursts of brief duration.

　　B)The punctuated equilibrium hypothes is developed by Stephen Jay Gould and

　　Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.

　　C)In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by

　　positing that change from one species to another can not occur without a lengthy

　　transition period.

　　D)The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds

　　that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden

　　burst.

　　按照解题步骤，先看原句，原句的总体信息包含四点：

　　(1)In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional

　　wisdom;

　　(2)Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge bring out an opposing

　　viewpoint;

　　(3) The opposing viewpoint is called the punctuated equilibrium

　　hypothesis;

　　(4) The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis posits that species give rise to

　　new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition

　　period.

　　原句的主要信息在(3)与(4)，即提出的opposing viewpoint是什么?punctuated equilibrium hypothesis

　　是什么?

　　接下来我们去逐个分析选项的信息。

　　A选项后面的gradualism定语从句错误，因为该定语从句定义的是原句的punctuated equilibrium

　　hypothesis，而非选项的gradualism，与原句主要信息冲突;

　　B选项与原句的第(1)点信息冲突，原句说的是Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

　　“challenge”,而非Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge “ was challenged ”;

　　C 选项错在后半部分“cannot occur without a lengthy transition period

　　”，双重否定等于肯定，即”occur with a lengthy transition period”，这与原句第(4)点冲突;

　　最后看D选项的信息，总共两点：

　　(1)The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis is in opposition to

　　gradualism;

　　(2) The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis holds that transitions from one

　　species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.

　　这两点与原句第(3)(4)点的主要信息刚好对应，因此选C.

　　需要注意的是，上面例题中的错误选项的错误很容易找到，是因为其信息与原句的主要或次要信息对应错误，在实际考试中，有些选项的信息与原句能够对应，但由于其对应的是原句的次要信息，在这种情况下，我们也需要将其排除，从而选择更好地与原句主要信息对应的选项。

　　我们前文中还提到了在句子简化题中，正确选项与原句之间，还有一个重要的方面不能改变，那就是主要逻辑。原句往往包含因果、转折、让步、对比等重要逻辑关系，在进行转化或简化时，这种逻辑关系不能失去，否则选项就与原句的主要信息与主要逻辑产生冲突。

　　我们以下面的题目为例：

　　The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of

　　land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great

　　difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.Which of the following best

　　expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer

　　choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

　　information.

　　A) Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard toreverse

　　and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

　　B) Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of

　　population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

　　C) The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be

　　solved only if large numbers of peoplein various countries are involved in the

　　effort.

　　D) Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is

　　reduced in the vast areas affected.

　　按照解题步骤，先看原句的主干The extreme seriousness…result from.. vast areas

　　of…tremendous numbers of… as well as thegreat difficulty

　　of…，原句中有一个重要的信号词，即谓语动词“result from”，表明了主要的因果逻辑关系，即 result from 前面部分是果，result

　　from后面部分是因。

　　选项A的后部分because ….刚好对应原句的因，because 前部分刚好对应果。所以选A。

　　B选项错在把原句的两个因，结合为一个因，有出入;

　　C选项错在没有提及原句的因果关系，内容不切题;

　　D选项错在没有提及原句因果关系，内容不切题。

　　正如上面例题所示，原句中的因果、转折等主要逻辑关系是隐性的而非选性的，所以考生要善于发现一些重要的信号词如表示因果的result in，be

　　attributable to，reflect, given; considering; concerning等，表对比的before; prior to;

　　after等。

　　接着，我们说说“变”。“变”是指在在句子简化或转换时，正确选项可以对原句作出一些改变。“变”主要体现在：

　　(1)语法/结构可变 ;

　　(2)次要对象可省略;

　　(3)可以进行指代替换。

　　如上面例题The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas

　　of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected , as well as from the

　　great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.原句的语法结构是主谓结构的简单句，The

　　extreme seriousness… results from..而正确选项Desertification is a significant problem

　　becauseit is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great

　　numbers ofpeople. 是带原因状语从句的主从复合句。

　　如上面例题In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

　　challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated

　　equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in

　　relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.原句提到了4点信息，而正确选项The

　　punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that

　　transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden

　　burst省略了次要信息In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge等。

　　托福阅读原文练习：水形成

　　The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports,and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.

　　Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.

　　The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.

　　A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.

　　托福阅读题目：

　　1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) changing

　　(B) traveling

　　(D) destroying

　　2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to

　　(A) clouds

　　(B) oceans

　　(D) compounds

　　3.According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water

　　(A) precipitating onto the ground

　　(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state