托福阅读OG真题资料
OG也就是托福阅读的考试指南，是大家备考的重要资料，那么在具体的备考中，考试指南中都有哪些重点内容，是大家要掌握的?针对这些重点，大家应该如何更好的来备考，应对托福阅读考试?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!
托福阅读OG真题资料
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
【A】 Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. 【B】Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.【C】 In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. 【D】 He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
托福阅读常见背景词汇积累
动物：
动物分类：物种 species
食肉动物carnivore
食草动物herbivore
杂食动物omnivore
捕食者predator
被捕食者prey
两栖类amphibian
微生物microbe
哺乳动物mammal
爬虫类reptile
食腐动物scavenger
水栖的aquatic
脊椎动物vertebrate
无脊椎动物invertebrate
生活习性：
群居 social animal
迁徙 migrate
伪装 camouflage
冬眠hibernate
免疫immune
呼吸respiration
达尔文学说Darwinism
进化evolve
退化degenerate
灭绝extinct
生存survive
祖先ancestor
后代offspring
驯养domesticate
饲养raise
放牧graze
昆虫insect
黑猩猩chimpanzee
蜥蜴lizard
恐龙dinosaur
贝壳类shellfish
蛤clam
海豚dolphin
海绵体sponge
浮游生物plankton
珊瑚(虫)coral
鱼鳞scale
呼吸孔blowhole
腮gill
繁殖reproduce/proliferate/multiply
植物：
苔藓 lichen
真菌 fungi
蘑菇 mushroom
生态平衡 ecological balance
欧美历史
发现美洲阶段：哥伦布、印第安土人
独立战争American Revolution
南北战争Civil War
殖民地colony
定居点settlement
独立independence
移民immigrant
奴隶制slavery
拓荒者pioneer
种族的 ethnic
西班牙裔Hispanic
印第安人Indian
保护区reservation
自治autonomy
黑人African American
采摘gathering
不毛之地barren land
沃土fertile land
放牧graze
牲口棚barn
牧场pasture
灌溉irrigate
杀虫剂pesticide
种植园plantation
考古进化类话题
年代age period/epoch/era
编年的chronological
石器时代Stone Age
青铜器时代(2000B.C.) Bronze Age
铁器时代(1400B.C.) Iron Age
人类学anthropology
起源origin
祖先ancestor
分布distribution
种族race
人造物品artifact
古董antique
遗迹relic
农业
人口危机population crisis
气候的不稳定性instability of climatic conditions
种植业crop cultivation
畜牧业livestock farming
乳品业dairy farming
园艺horticulture
小麦wheat
玉米corn, maize
棉花cotton
谷物grain
高粱sorghum
烟草tobacco
灌溉irrigation
天然肥料animal waste
化肥pesticide
杀虫剂pesticide, insecticide
轮种crop rotation
间种companion planting
牛cattle
奶牛cows
羊goat
兽群/牧群herd
鹿deer
托福阅读易错题型的详细解析
托福阅读易错题型分析：文章总结题
原因：
托福阅读后面一题的错题率是非常高的，主要错题原因有答题时间不足或者考生能力不足。
分析及解决方法：
文章总结题处在后面一题位置，题型分值较高但是极容易出错。这个题型考察考生对于文章整体的把握，需要足够的解题时间。一部分考生由于时间紧张，往往匆匆作答，很难答对;还有部分考生是因为不能抓住文章主旨，分不清重点答不对题。
考生要想不出错，则要分不同情况选择方法解答题目。如果时间不足，可以选择较长的选项;如果时间充足，则可以按照这样的步骤答题：首先阅读题干中对于原文的相关总结，有利于下面的正确选出正确选项;第二步是把选项看一遍，排除明显和原文观点矛盾的选项或者是原文细节、例证的选项;之后参考剩余选项提炼出关键词，找回原文的相关出处，确定正误。
托福阅读易错题型分析：词汇题
原因：
这是托福阅读考试当是出场率较高的一类题型，这种题型的易错原因主要是因为词汇量不足、忽略词汇语境的作用导致的。
分析及解决方法：
对于托福阅读考试当中出现频率较高的题型——词汇题，大部分原因是因为考生的词汇的不足，造成词汇不熟悉或者被选项词给难住了。考生需要知道的是，托福阅读考试词汇题一般考察的是英语六级以上的词汇水平 ，要想这类题型不出错，那么你的词汇基础就一定要打好。
还有一部分同学不是因为托福词汇量不足而导致题目做错的，这类考生的原因就是词汇的语境使用不清楚，直接选择了自己记忆的词汇含义，所以所选择的答案就错了。这样的弊端往往是对于一词多义的情况难以确定具体释义或者是生僻释义考察的情况出错。考生要学会根结合语境解答词汇题的方法。比如，根据例子与主要论证对象特质一致这个原理来解题，如果考察的词汇是形容一个例子中的对象，这个对象所属的大概念的特点已知，往往这个词汇也具有类似的含义。又比如，利用“and”前后连接的句子感论坛彩一致或者转折词前后的内容相反的原则解题等等。
托福阅读易错题型分析：句子简化题
原因：
这种题型可能大家常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题，但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。
分析及解决方法：
这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题，而不是靠翻译，再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译，然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间，而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大，在选择时常常出错。
句子简化题的正确做法是利用逻辑解题。使用这种方式不容易出错，因为这种解题方法是从题型考察目的得来的。步骤是：首先看到句子之后的头一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说，若原句有转折的逻辑关系，头一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的，若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合，那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。托福阅读文章技巧：这是头一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法;如果原句中没有明显的逻辑关系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉选项中主干信息不符的选项。
托福阅读文章类型有哪几类
学术性文章的篇章结构
在学术性文章中一般需要具备三个组成部分：
(1)Topic 话题即文章的主角是什么，比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;在托福文章中这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置，考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有一个大体的了解。
(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点则方面可能分为若干个支持论据，若话题为某种自然现象则方面可能分为若干个内外成因，若话题为某个历史事件这方面为几段发展时期，在托福阅读文章中往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落共同组成行文主体。
(3)Attitude态度即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度，或是积极肯定、或是消极否定、或是保持中立，在托福阅读文章中态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic话题 +Aspects方面 + Attitude态度这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"T+A+A篇章结构"，托福文章大都遵循这种结构这就可以通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致的讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落的主旨就可以了解到整个文章的脉络和文章的逻辑结构。
学术性文章的段落结构
学术性文章的自然段落一般需要具备两个组成部分：
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么。
(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"TS+D段落结构"，托福文章段落遵循这种结构就可以通过段落的主旨句把握该段的中心含义了。
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9.托福学习方法
