英语常见副词用法详解(5)
3.副词(短语)的位置
a.有关7类副词(短语)位置的特别规律
1665 当副词(短语)修饰动词以外的其他词时，它的位置很容易确定。但在修饰动词时，其位置却不易确定，它可以放在主语前面、助动词前面、主要动词前面、及物动词宾语的前面、补语前面、动词后面、宾语后面或补语后面。在一个特定的句子中，只有一个或两个这类位置，从语法或修辞角度上考虑是最好的。例如在
—John—will—lend—me—his bicycle—. 中，tomorrow只适宜放在一二个位置上，而不是很多位置上。
下面所给“规律”只是一些建议，因为特定的副词(短语)有特殊的习惯用法，宜于放在某个特定的位置，有些还会随着作者的特殊意图有特殊的位置。
1666 为了决定副词(短语)的位置，我们把它们分作7类，而不是5类：
1)地点副词(短语)：there，forward，ashore;in Japan，at the station，on high
2)时间副词(短语)：yesterday，ago，yet;on Sunday，this evening，for five days，from 1950 till 1960，since last Januray
3)频度副词(短语)：often，rarely;from time to time
4)肯定副词(短语)：surely， definitely，probably;no doubt
5)程度副词(短语)：greatly，partially;beyond measure，to some degree
6)方式副词(短语)：slowly，sadly;at a low price，in jest
7)疑问副词(短语)： where?why?how?when?for what reason?in which room?
图解：
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不管tomorrow在句中位置如何，它在图解中的位置不变。
1)地点副词(短语)
1667 地点副词(短语)可以：
a)放在主语前面。能用在这个位置的副词很少，但可用在这个位置的副词短语却很多：
Outside，the wind is blowing. Here I stop.Upstairs they are gambling.
In Japan everybody works hard.From behind a voice said，“good morning”.To the west lay a large villa.
Into the city I've never driven this car.(这是错句，否定谓语不能放在表示方向的状语后面，而应放在前面，应当说：I've never driven this car into the city.)
为了强调可以放在主语前面的副词有：off，up，away，over， down，out， in，back，round， on， above，along，about， below，inside，outside
Off went John. Off John went.Off he(代词) went.(但不可说Off went he.)
Down fell the vase. Away he ran.Round and round flew the bird.
Up you jump! In you go!
Up with the King!Down with Fascism!Off with his head!Away with you!
可以放在不及物动词及主语前面。用在这个位置的副词为there，here，还有一些表示地点的短语，后面跟有以下不及物动词：be，come， go，follow，stand，sit，lie，remain，live， enter， appear， happen， arise， take place，然后跟有一个可能较长的表示人或物的主语：
There is a haunted house. There is a haunted house there (or here).(第一个 there没有特别意义，第二个there 或here表示地点。)
There entered on old man who was over eighty years old but looked very healthy and strong.(较长主语)
Here stands a hero of our country. Here comes the car!
Here lies my paradise.There goes Jane!(但不能说There goes she!)
At the end of the wood( there) lies a cottage.All around the hut(there) grew many beautiful flowers.In the centre of the hall(there) stood a round table.Far out at sea(there)came a fishing-boat.
b)放在主要动词前时极少。
c)放在及物动词后，放在宾语之前或之后。可放在这个位置的副词为a)中所列off，up，away等词。如果宾语较长并受到强调，副词要放在它前面，如果宾语为代词，副词则必须放在它后面：
He put on his coat. He put his coat on.
I picked up the book.I picked the book up.
She gave away her money.She gave it away.(不可说She gave away it.)
He poured me out some tea.(不可说 some tea out)
She sent him off a gift(不可说 a gift off)
(句中有一间接宾语)
She took out “the eggs，butter， cakes and other things.”
He picked up“the money he had thrown away when he had been angry”.
He will bring back to me“the radio-set he borrowed last week”.
(副词必须放在较长的宾语前面)
Drink your wine up.Switch the light on.Put the cigar out.
Take everything down.Take your hat off.(在祈使句中这类副词常放在句末)
I put down(= wrote down) his name. He took over(=assumed control of)the business.We saw through(=were not deceived by) his trick.
We carried the project through(=We completed it successfully，put it into practice).He laughed the criticism away(=He ignored it).
(“及物动词+地点副词”常常构成成语，并不表示位置。这种成语有时也可分开，如最后两句的情况。)
如果一个表示地点的副词(短语)和一个表示方向的副词(短语)一起用在一个谓语后面，表示方向的副词(短语)应放在表示地点的副词(短语)前面，它们之间不用and，or这类连词：
We drove from west to east in the city(但不可说We drove in the city from west to east.也不可说 from west to east and in the city)
如果谓语后跟有两个表示地点的副词(短语)，表示较大地点的副词(短语)要放在表示较小地点的副词(短语)后面，如果要把其中一个放在主语前面，应将表示较大地点的副词(短语)提前：
They can kiss on the street in the U.S.(但不可说 in the U.S.on the street)
In the U.S.they can kiss on the street.(但不可说Onthe street they can kiss in the U.S.)
如果有几个表示方向的副词(短语)，则可按事物发生的顺序安排：
From Eighth Street we proceeded past the Grand Hotel to the park，and then turn to the west.
如果副词(短语)表示宾语(而不是主语)的位置，它们应放在宾语后面：
I keep the tools on the rack.
We arranged a picnic in Mary's backyard.
I like a vacation by the seaside.
Everybody expects a revolt from all directions.
This fine climate attracts us to this country.
d)放在谓语后面时最多(即放在不及物动词、补语、或及物动词的宾语后面)：
He went out.Come this way.The train arrived at my town.
He climbed to the top of the tree.
He feels lonely in a foreign country.The stars look small at a great distance.
Hang your coat over there.I met him downtown.
图解：
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2)时刻或时段的副词(短语)
1668 表示某个时刻或某段时间的副词(短语)可以：
a)放在主语前面。可用在这个位置的副词及短语有：
yesterday，tomorrow，today，now，once，originally，first，recently，soon，immediately;one morning，just then，three days ago，later on，sooner or later，until then，so far，just now，all at once，during the summer，from 1970 to 1983，since May，since when?until when?how long ago?…，还有由in，at，on，between，by，during，about，before，after，(for)，from…to(or till)，since，till or until等介词引起的短语：
Recently we have been working hard.Soon he arrived at the station.That morning he received his first lesson.
Ten years ago I invested very much capital in business.For three nights she did not sleep.From 1975 to 1979 he and I studied physics.Since a week ago，I have been sick.
不及物动词有时可放在时间副词(短语)和主语之间，更多的强调主语或引出主语(可参阅1667 a))：
Now came John and many others.First came Lilian.Next came another problem.Then followed an excited dialogue.
During the summer there broke out a great accident.
In the previous week there spread a rumour about his remarriage.
下面的副词(短语)常常用在主语前面起从属连词的作用：
directly，immediately，once，now(原来都是副词)，the moment，the instant，the years，the spring，every time，all the time，the few minutes(原来是名词加修饰语)：
It rained directly(or immediately)(= as soon as) he left home. Once you see him，you will never forget him.
Now you mention it，I do remember.Any time you come，you are welcome.The few minutes he ate，he had ten telephone calls.All the time he talked，I kept silent.
b)用在助动词前。能这样用的副词及短语除a)中第一段所列副词外，还有last，already，yet，before，shortly，just，still，eventually;for a moment，as before这类副词或短语：
He will soon come here.He would some day understand me.
I was yesterday morning walking along the street.He was soon after caught by the policemen.He was some time before put into prison.He has long(since) been a dead man.I have long admired his works.He has recently (or lately)seen her.
