托福阅读中推断题解题技巧
托福阅读的推断题，相信大家在备考中，也整理了很对的解题方法。但是面对这些方法，到底哪些才更有价值，能够帮助大家更好的来应对这类题型，在考试中更好的把握题型。下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!
托福阅读推断题的方法推荐
推断题其实没有想象中的那么难，因为托福文章有很清晰的逻辑架构，每个自然段往往是按照TS (Topic Sentence) + SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向，也就是我们接下来要说的用正向和逆向思维去解决推断题。
OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitlystated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目，题目要求如下：
Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?
According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?
According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?
题干中有出现infer, imply, indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为推断题，那么推断题应该如何解答呢?
第一步，判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
第二步，审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
第三步，推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
正向推断：和事实信息题做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写。
逆向推断：大致分为两种，一种是时间，第二种是两类事物的对比。
第一种，题干中往往会出现表示时间的信息，比如：after 1932, since early years of the 19thcentury. 例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in themain, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas forthe raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficientway of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices werehigh, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
m They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
m They were able to sell their produce at high prices
m They had not been successful in raising cattle.
m They did not operate in a national market economy.
题干中出现了两个信息，一个是western farmers, 一个是prior to 1815, 带着两条信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中没有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其实很简单，只要把1815年之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。举个简单的例子，“从现在起Jessica是个姑娘”，“请问你能推断出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了变性手术?”，其实这就算过分推断了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是个姑娘。言归正题，文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。
第二种：两类事物的对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。例如TPO 2中的TheOrigins of Cetaceans的第2题，让考生推测关于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，会发现关键句中存在着一个unlike, 说不像sea otters, 想象一下早期鲸类比较困难(not easy=difficult)，那我们逆推一下，不就是说想象早期sea otters长什么样比较容易，正确答案中出现了not difficult, 所以这道题很简单。
托福阅读推断题：认清类型，抓好关键词
托福阅读推断题考察学生对文章深层信息的推测理解能力，所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题是比较好辨认的一类题型，它的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。
推断题一般可以分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点、采用排除法是解决这两类推理题的共同策略。
推理题的解题思路主要有以下三个方向：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
总之，文中的关键词，观点，逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。
托福阅读推理题的正向推理与逆向推理
正向推理
正向推理指的是最后的答案往往是和文章所描述的内容一致的，而这种特征一般视为“整体”和“部分”的一致性，所以正向推理也被称为“整体与部分推理”。
正向推理包含两种主要情形，一种叫做给定段里面没有推理对象的情况，另外一种叫做有举例引发的“整体与部分推理”。所谓“整体与部分推理”，就是文章里面讲述一个特质是A，下面选项中的特征也是A，这个特质本身没有变化。文章里面讲什么特质，下面选项中就是什么特质，只不过一个是“整体”，一个是“部分”而已。
逆向推理
“逆向推理”又叫“取非式推理”，文章中讲的是A，下面选项里最终答案是“非A”，此推理包含三种情形。
1.由新时间点引发的逆向推理
比如“now”表示现在，含有典型的暗转折含义。事实上，凡是时间点概念，都暗示着转折。比如说：1999年澳门回归了，这意味着1999年之前澳门没有回归。这条原则可能听起来怪怪的，但意义重大，以后我们做托福文章要比其他没有经历过严格训练的同学多长一个心眼，但凡是有时间点出现，就意味着前后的特质不一致，而这恰好是考点。
2.由新地点引发的逆向推理
事实上，它和第一点的内涵是一致的，可以被统称为“分类取非”。在文章中经常会出现把一个大类分成两个小类的情况，比如文章里面讲述生物分为两类，一类是动物，一类是植物，这时文章里面会谈到动物和植物的“不同点”而不会是“相同点”。
3.由特定词引发的逆向推理
这一类词包括unlike、without以及所有能够表示“比例”的词等。一般推理题只要找准用来推理的句子，然后按照上面两种方法来做就不会有什么问题了。
只要掌握了这些技巧，当你在做托福阅读时，也能像侦探一样进行“推理”了。
托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况
解答推理题应从识别题型入手。推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔细阅读题干。最后，根据题干信息研读文章信息以做出推理。
接下来我们通过一些例题来深入解析推理题中对比取反的情况。
1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?
A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.
B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.
C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.
D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.
根据题干信息flatboats and keelboats对应到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B选项。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。
2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;该句告诉我们first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。
3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…
A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.
B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.
C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.
D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.
同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中给出during glaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同样还是对比取反，即not during glaciations，对应选项B。
4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…
A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.
B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.
C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.
D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.
通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?
首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassiz and other geologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了of his time这一时间短语与文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now构成对比关系。所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。
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