托福阅读长难句分析：强调句结构
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托福阅读长难句分析：强调句结构
强调句(The Emphatic Pattern)是通过对句子某一部分的强调来达到修辞作用的句子。
以下我们来看强调句的基本结构~
It is/ was +被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其他部分
嗯~o(_▽￣_o说的这里，大家一定什么都还不知道吧~哈哈。。。哈哈哈哈。。。。_(￣0￣)_~。。。好吧，我们来举个栗子
The prince found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs yesterday.
昨天，王子在楼梯上发现了灰姑凉的水晶鞋。
首先我们来普通地分析一下这个普通的句子的普通的结构。
主语：the prince;谓语：found;宾语：Cinderella’s crystal shoe;地点状语：on the stairs;时间状语：yesterday
然后!我们来变形强调句!美少女变身balalalala~
强调主语
It was the prince who/that found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs yesterday.
强调宾语
It was Cinderella’s crystal shoe that the prince found on the stairs yesterday.
强调地点状语
It was on the stairs that the prince found Cinderella’s crystal shoe yesterday.
强调时间状语
It was yesterday that the prince found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs.
变身完成~~~很简单啊有木有~但是。。。这一切还没有结束!
闰水老师特别tips时间!
1. 构成强调句的it本身没有意义;
2. 强调句中的连接词一般只用that，who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that，who不可省略;
3. 强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was …… ，其余的时态用It is ……;
5. 和主语从句的区别：
强调句再去掉it is/was…that/who…之后，剩下的部分仍可以组成完成的句子;而主语从句去掉it is/was…that…之后句子结构讲不完成。请欣赏以下栗子：
主语从句：It was great [that the prince found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs yesterday].
王子发现了灰姑凉的水晶鞋子简直是棒棒哒~
以上句子中that从句为主语成分不可以去掉哦
强调句：It was the prince who/that found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs yesterday.
而这句去掉it was…who/that…完全没有问题啊~~~
好了好了，说了这么多，我不得不拿一个酷炫狂拽屌炸天的句子来吓吓你们。
In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society.
红色标出的是今天的重点强调句的部分it is…that…，强调的是句子主语thefertile plain of Latium;where从句修饰the fertile plain of Latium。因此主干部分就是【the fertile plain of Latium】主语【created】谓语【the habits and skills】宾语of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration,and a land-based society.
很有可能是拉丁姆平原——拉丁人最初建立罗马的地方，造就了罗马人土地定居、土地所有权、土地经济、土地行政以及以土地为基础社会的性格和技巧。
怎么样，结合之前讲解的从句知识，这句话理解起来是不是so easy啊
另外，善良的我还要提醒一下not…until..(直到…才…)也可以变身强调句哦~
变身句型为It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分
来看个普通的栗子
The prince was not satisfied until he found Cinderella.
直到找到灰姑凉，王子才乐开了花。
巴拉拉再次变身!
It was not until the prince found Cinderella that he was satisfied.按照之前的方法句型套用进去就完成了!红色部分去掉之后不影响整个句子结构!
说的这里机智的童鞋一定会发现，强调了主语，宾语，状语，那谓语动词呢!动次打次呢?!呵呵呵呵呵呵，实话跟你们说吧，之前的内容完全和谓语的强调没有半毛钱关系~咳，但是大家别激动啊~如果你在一个句子中发现在谓语动词前面出现了不做句子成分的do/does/did，那么恭喜你!你看到的就是强调谓语的强调句型哦! 再次有请栗子君~
The prince does want to marry Cinderella.→句子原型The prince want to marry Cinderella.
王子的确是想娶灰姑凉滴!→王子想娶灰姑凉。。。请感受两者语气的不同(5秒钟后。。。。。)是不是真的很不一样!强调之后duang duang duang的感觉!这就是强调句的特效!
综上!强调句我们就说到这里了~还是那句话啊~so easy!如果在考试当中碰到形迹可疑的强调句，默念句型，提取主干，爸爸再也不用担心你的长难句啦!
托福阅读材料：女性25岁后结婚更持久
Scientists have determined it's not advisable to hurry marriage. Get the scoop on the best age to be wed.
科学家们建议，结婚也不可以操之过急。现在，让我们对应该何时结婚来探个究竟吧。
We doubt you were shocked when Avril Lavigne announced she was splitting from her husband of three years. But while it's tempting to assume the cause was her brattypersona or rocker lifestyle, comments from her friends suggested that something more universal was at play: She was only 21 when she tied the knot and later told pals that she realized she'd been too young to make such a life-altering decision. Could fellow young celebrity divorces Reese Witherspoon, Kate Hudson, and Britney Spears have also hit the same age-related issue?
当艾薇儿宣布与她结婚了3年的丈夫离婚时，你一定感到非常震惊。于是大家纷纷猜测其中的原因，或许是由于她令人讨厌的性格，或许是由于她那种摇滚式的生活。然而，来自于她的朋友们的评论却暗示了一个非常普通的原因：当年艾薇儿结婚时才只不过21岁，后来她曾跟她们说过，她意识到自己还太年轻，不应该就这样做出一个会改变一生的决定。同样，像瑞茜威瑟斯彭、凯特哈德森以及布兰妮斯皮尔斯等这些离了婚的名人，会不会也是由于年龄的问题?
The Magic Number 神奇的数字
There are practical reasons for the mid-20s dividing line, and most of them boil down to two biggies: education and money.
以25岁作为一个结婚的分水岭是有一定的现实理由的，这些理由的绝大部分都可以归结于两大因素：受教育程度和金钱。
Turns out, the more years of higher education a woman has under her belt on her wedding day, the lower the chances that she'll get divorced ... and by 25, you're more likely to have earned a degree or two. "Educated women tend to be more confident about who they are and less willing to settle for a man who doesn't meet their standards," explains Terri Orbuch, Ph.D., author of Five Simple Steps to Take Your Marriage From Good to Great.
其结论是，一个女人受到高等教育的年数越多，其离婚的可能性就越低。到了25的时候，你很可能已经获得了1个或者2个学位了。《5个步骤使你的婚姻从良好走向完美》一书的作者特里奥布奇博士说：“受过良好教育的女人往往更了解自己需要什么，所以不会选择那些不符合自己标准的男人。”
Odds are that by 25 you're also supporting yourself, so there's less incentive for you to rush into marriage because you're seeking financial security from him.
这也可能是，等到了25岁，你便可以养活自己了，所以也就不急着需要一个婚姻里去寻求男人在经济上给予的保障。
But the marriage-related benefits of working and having money of your own go beyond feeling secure, says Pepper Schwartz, Ph.D., author of Finding Your Perfect Match. Learning to budget your cash carefully when you're single will help you avoid financial problems--one of the main causes of couple fights--for the rest of your life. And juggling responsibilities, dealing with differing personalities, and resolving conflicts on the job force you to develop skills that are necessary for maintaining long-term love.
但是，《找到你的完美婚姻》一书的作者派帕施瓦辛格博士说，与婚姻有关的好处，比如工作和自己赚到的钱，会超越这种感觉上的保障。当你还是单身的时候，给自己的消费做好预算，能够避免你今后的生活出现经济问题，而这也是夫妻双方出现争吵的最主要原因。至于逃避责任，与各种不同性格的人打交道，处理工作上的矛盾等事情，都会迫使你培养出那些为维持一段长期婚姻所需要的技能。
Knowing the Real You 认识真正的你 At 25, you've had time for some crucial life experiences, including a relationship or two that may have improved your Mr. Right radar. "You've probably dated enough to have a better idea of what you don't want in a man, which makes it easier to know what you can live with and can't live without," says Orbuch.
到了25岁，你就有时间去做一些很重要生活体验，包括一两次恋爱，这会有助于你更好的去寻找自己真正的另一半。奥布奇还说，“你很可能在约会了很多次以后，就会知道自己不喜欢什么样的男人，这会使你更容易的知道什么样的人是你的唯一。”
Perhaps the most important aspect of waiting is that you'll know what your goals and values really are, says Paul Coleman, Psy.D., author of The Complete Idiot's Guide to Intimacy. While you don't want to marry someone just like you, marriage is a lot easier if you two share a similar outlook on life.
《完整的白痴指南》一书的作者，哲学博士保罗卡尔曼说，或许等一等再结婚最重要的理由是你会知道你真正的目标和价值观是什么。当你不想与一个跟你一样的人结婚的时候，跟一个与你有着相同观点的人结婚就会变得很容易。
Twenty-four and already married to the man of your dreams? Don't worry: Many young marriages survive. But given the choice, you might consider putting off the big day until your mid-20s or later.
你是不是已经24岁并且嫁给心中的白马王子了?如果是这样也用不着担心：很多年轻的婚姻照样能够白头偕老。如果再给你一次选择的机会，你或许可以考虑一下把自己的终身大事推迟到25岁以后。
托福阅读材料之兴奋剂
From federal investigations into Major League Baseball(美国职业棒球大联盟) to allegations of substance abuse in track and field, performance enhancing drugs(兴奋剂) have been in the news a lot. The most well-known performance enhancers are steroids(类固醇), drugs that can make athletes bigger and stronger. But they can also cause serious medical problems.
So how do steroids work, and what makes them so dangerous?
First, it’s important to understand that the body naturally produces steroids. For men, the best known is testosterone(睾丸激素). Testosterone is an anabolic steroid(合成代谢类固醇), meaning that it encourages new muscle growth. So the more testosterone you have in you, the greater potential you have to be bigger and stronger. It makes sense, then, that artificial anabolic steroids mimic testosterone produced in the body.
Here’s how they work. Anabolic steroids attach to cells and encourage them to produce more protein, which muscles need to grow and become stronger. So steroids basically (1)speed up and enhance the process of muscle growth that you can accomplish by lifting weights and other kinds of exercise. A weightlifter on steroids will develop larger muscles and do so faster than a “clean” weightlifter.
Millions of people take performance enhancing drugs such as caffeine and vitamins every day. But unlike these drugs, steroids can cause serious, long lasting problems. For example, steroid use puts extra pressure on the liver to cleanse the bloodstream of the many toxins in steroids.
Prolonged steroid use can result in liver damage. They also affect brain chemistry(脑化学), and can cause depression and severe mood swings known as ‘roid rage(类固醇癫狂)’. There’s certainly nothing wrong with building your body, but using steroids to do so will ultimately (2)break you down.
译文：
兴奋剂，让人沉浮
从对美国职业棒球大联盟药物滥用指控的联邦调查来看，服用兴奋剂已经成为一个热门话题。其中最著名的兴奋剂是类固醇，它可以让运动员更大更强。但是它们也会导致严重的医学问题。
那么类固醇是怎样发挥作用的呢?是什么使它们如此危险?
首先，知道身体能够自然产生类固醇是很重要的。对于男性来说，最广为大家所知的就是睾丸激素。睾丸激素是一种合成代谢类固醇，它能够促进新的肌肉的生长。因此如果你的睾丸激素越多，你的潜力就越大越强。这样一来，人造合成类固醇模仿人体内分泌的睾丸激素应运而生了。
它们是这样工作的。合成类固醇依附于细胞上，促使它们产生更多肌肉生长和壮大所需要的蛋白质。因此类固醇主要是加快和加强肌肉生长，而这样的效果你可以通过举重和其它的运动练习达到。一个服用类固醇举重运动员的肌肉会比一个“干净”的运动员生长得更大更快。
成千上万的人们每天都在服用咖啡因，维他命之类的兴奋剂。但是与其它药物不同的是类固醇会导致严重，持久的问题。例如，使用胆固醇会对肝脏净化血液带来压力，因为胆固醇里有很多毒素。
长期使用类固醇可导致肝损害。它们同样会影响脑化学，并会导致抑郁症和被称为“类固醇癫狂”的严重情绪波动。强身健体当然没有错误，但是如果你使用类固醇来完成，那么最终你会垮掉。
Notes:
(1)speed up 加速;使加速
I sped up my car as soon as I left her house.
一离开她家，我便加快了速度。
(2)break down 分解;发生故障;失败;毁掉;制服
The bridge broke down in last earthquake.
那座桥在上次地震中坍塌了。
托福阅读材料之步行可以锻炼大脑
Tweet:I am often teased for my stubborn habit of traveling by foot. I often walk the 3 mi. home from work rather than take the subway. When I visit less pedestrian-friendly cities, kindhearted motorists regularly pull over and offer me a ride, assuming that my car has broken down or I'm in need of some help.
Tweet说，身边的人经常嘲笑我固执的步行习惯。从公司到家，有三公里，我都是步行回去，不坐地铁。当我去到不太方便步行的城市，热心的驾驶员经常停下来让我搭车，他们以为我的车坏了或我需要帮助。 But for me, walking is a good opportunity to process the day and let my mind wander without the oppression of the endless to-do list that awaits me at home. Plus, it helps my back recover from a day spent bent in front of a computer screen. Health-wise, I have always assumed I'd have the last laugh, and now there's even more evidence on my side.
但对我来说，步行是一种很好的方式来度过一天，它让我有时间走下神，不必为家里无休止的事情感到苦恼。另外，它还能帮助我恢复在电脑前弯曲了一天的腰。健康方面，我一直认为我能笑答最后，现在，有更多的证据证明我是对的。
A study published in Neurology has found that the simple act of walking may improve memory in old age. As we age, our brains shrink and the shrinkage is associated with dementia and loss of cognitive functions such as memory. To test whether physical activity could mitigate some of these degenerative effects, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh tracked the physical activity of 299 healthy men and women with an average age of 78. The participants' activity ranged anywhere from walking 0 blocks to 300 blocks (up to 30 miles) per week.
一篇发表在《神经学》上的研究报告发现，行走的简单动作能够提高老年期的记忆。随着年龄的增长，我们的大脑也会缩小，而缩小的程度是与老年痴呆和认知功能相关的，例如记忆力。为了测试体育运动是否能减轻这些退化因素，匹兹堡大学的研究人员记录下了299位平均年龄78的老年人。参加者的活动范围从每周0到300个街区(最多30公里)。
Nine years later, the walkers underwent brain scans, which revealed that those who had walked more had greater brain volume than those who walked less. Four years after that, the volunteers were tested again —this time for dementia. Among the group, 116 people showed signs of memory loss or dementia. Those who had walked the most —at least 72 city blocks (or about 7 mi.) each week —were half as likely to have cognitive problems as those who walked the least. 九年后，这些参与者接受脑部扫描，扫描后发现那些走路走得多的人，他们的大脑要比走路少的人要大。又过了四年，参与者有接受了测试，这次是老年痴呆。在这个群体中，有116人记忆力衰退或有老年痴呆。而那些走路走的最多的—至少每周72个街区(大约7公里)，只有比那些走路最少的人一半的认知问题。
The findings are in line with past studies linking physical activity with brain function, but dementia experts say there's not enough data yet to prescribe exercise to prevent memory loss. It's also too soon to say whether exercise may prevent dementia or simply delay it in people who would eventually develop it anyway. But when it comes to Alzheimer's, even a short delay could mean great gains in quality of life.
这些发现与以前的研究一致，把体育运动与大脑功能联系起来。但老年痴呆症专家说，还没有充足的数据来规定，运动可以防止记忆力减退。运动是否能预防老年痴呆会或能减缓老年痴呆患者的症状，这些都还言之过早。但涉及到老年痴呆，即使是短暂的延迟也意味着生活质量大大的提高。
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