托福阅读要全看完吗
在目前的托福大军中，很多考生都在纠结着一个问题：做托福阅读文章时，要不要先把文章整体读一遍?就这个问题而言，我们的考生们不得不被倚天剑劈成两大帮派：读与不读。根据我个人经验而谈，我站在了“读”的阵营里，下面我将会为大家解释为什么要在做托福阅读题目之前要先将文章整体阅读一遍。
托福阅读要全看完吗
在《孙子兵法》上有一句话总是被世人朗朗上口的传颂着：知己知彼，百战不殆。那么就我们学术来讲就是要在任何问题上抱着知其然，知其所以然的态度。所以，首先，我们要明白出题人(ETS)的出题意图。
一、考试界面的设置。
参加过考试的或是用模考软件做过练习的“托儿”们都清晰的记得：当一篇托福阅读文章问题出现的之前，一定是先以整篇文章的形式出现的，左边并没有显示题目，只有将文章右边的滚动轴拉至最低端，界面才会自动转换为我们做题的界面，即左边是问题，右边是对应的文章。那么，我们就分析一下为什么ETS有这样的设置?ETS有什么样的意图?ETS想让考生怎么做?这样的设置显而易见ETS是希望考生们可以在做题前将文章大致整体看一遍。就ETS出题的严谨性和科学性而言，这样的设置毋庸置疑是帮助考生提高其做题的速度和正确率的。
我们已经分析完出题人的意图，那么接下来就是要解答界面设置导致的整体阅读有哪些好处，如何帮助考生们答题，如何提高做题速度和正确率的。
二、整体阅读对summaryquestions的帮助
对于阅读速度不高，英语水平中等或中等以下的“托儿”们普遍反映的一个问题就是：没有时间做最后的summaryquestions，或是做summary
questions的时候不知道到哪里找答案或是正确率低。
我们先来分析一下summary
questions，大家都知道这个题型出现在阅读文章的最后一道题，而且是对全文观点的总结。那么，既然是对于全篇文章观点的总结，那么它考察的内容是文章的分论点，即一段或是几段的主要内容。如果是时间不够，考生要直接选，很容易选错，为什么?因为前面的12道题考察的基本上是文章的细节内容。我们都知道细节信息是summary
questions的禁忌;所以，凭做题印象直接解题，那么就受前面解题思路的影响，很容易被误导。但如果这时你在做题之前对整篇文章有了一个整体的阅读，并在演草纸上做了大致的笔记，那么summary
questions就可以轻而易举的攻破，为什么?怎么做?
首先，整体阅读不是逐字逐句，是scan文章，了解文章框架。
其次，在演草纸上简单快速的写下文章的主论点，若干个分论点(一段或是几段的主要内容)，即大纲。(没必要是完整的句子，可以参照听力记笔记的方法，符合，中英文结合的方法。)
这样，整体阅读的步骤结束后，在演草纸上就能出来一片文章的框架，并且这个框架大纲可以在最短时间能基本解决summary
questions中80%。而且可以帮助考生轻松排除summary questions中的错误选项。
综上所述，做题前的整体阅读是极其必要的。并希望这篇文章对大家解决托福阅读问题上有所帮助。
托福阅读不需要每句话都读懂
新托福阅读是不是每句话都读懂?许多托福考生认为在做托福阅读试题时必须要读懂每字每句，事实上，这是不必要的。
Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如，当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方，或because，as a result这样的因果关系，或是 but，however的语意转折处，都需要格外留心。托福文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证，如果看懂了主要观点，那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。
Scanning是“扫描”，但具体到新托福阅读备考中，大家最熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候，我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下，脑中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福阅读中，scanning的技巧在回答问题时，根据题干中问到的内容，在文章中scan，可以帮助考生准确地定位，找到答案。
在第一遍通读的过程中，考生不要期望每个字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，这样会浪费时间的。只需一直往下看，用前面介绍到的skimming原则，掌握文章的主旨即可。这个过程中，文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句话往往起着提纲挈领或起承转合的作用，是阅读时要多留心的地方。
托福阅读中需要留心的三大项
第一，托福阅读：词汇量是要害。
各位如果觉得托福阅读考试很难的话，请你必定要肯拿出时间来背单词。磨刀不误砍柴工，这句话一点都不假。即使你用一周时间，能把80%的单词都记住，那也是很值得的。
第二，托福阅读的做题次序。
现在还有人问，先看疑问再读文章，又说自己不习惯等等。其实，这个喜好在你自己。假设你觉得“先看疑问再读文章，并且找到答案就间断，再读下一个疑问”这样很习惯，那就坚持下去。如果你觉得全部文章读完再做心里踏实，那就读完好了。
第一题，一般都是主旨题。先不管。从第二题开始，看疑问，然后看是读第一段。不管有没有找到答案，把这一段读完再停。这样，如果词基本知道，语句结构比较清楚的话，答案差不多就出来了。接下来仍是这样，即使那一段很长，我也是读完一整段再做题。
可是这里要着重一下。如果你的托福阅读程度不是特别高的话，当你读完一段，有些疑问的答案你可能已经知道了，可是仍需要定位到原文，再看一遍。看看问题问的是不是的确是你得出的答案等等。总归一句话，托福阅读的答案都是从文章里来的，假设和文章对立了或者文章没有这些说法，那就必定不是准确答案!
第三，托福阅读解题技巧。
遇到不确定的问题，先从原文找到定位，然后把确定不对的选项排除。就算是瞎蒙，50%也比25%好。这个也是做主旨题的一贯准则。等你把文章通篇都读完了，再回过头看这个选项的时候，不准确的说法就可以排除了(如果你是最后做主旨题的话，一定不要忘了，还有一道题!)
推荐托福阅读中使用限时练习，把做过的阅读里出现的单词题的准确选项都摘录下来，尽管重复的几率不大，可是有些词是常常出现的。
上面的三件事就是我们在备考托福阅读考试的过程中最需要留心的。只要把优势发挥出来，趋利避害，就能达到最佳的效果，预祝大家获得好成绩。
托福阅读真题
Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.
Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead. Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development — the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods. For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?
Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.
1. What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?
(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.
(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.
(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.
(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.
2. The word diverse in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) small
(B) varied
(C) wild
(D) particular
3. The word ensures in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) guarantees
(B) proves
(C) teaches
(D) assumes
4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period when
imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?
(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.
(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.
(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.
(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.
5. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) development
(B) goose
(C) time
(D) object
6. The word suitably in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) willingly
(B) moderately
(C) appropriately
(D) emotionally
7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT
(A) grasping
(B) crying
(C) eating
(D) smiling
8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants are intended to
(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met
(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent
(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation
(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation
9. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) cognitive development
(B) emotional attachment
(C) psychological need
(D) behavioral change
10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that
(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied
(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence
(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals
(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior
PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD
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