托福独立写作题型分类
如果我们能够将题目合理分类,势必能够提高我们的学习效率,另外如果针对每一种题型总结出不错的写法,自然也就实现了投入少、收效快的目的。下面我们来看一下托福独立写作的具体题型分类、考察频率和题型特征。
托福独立写作题型分类
托福独立写作备考过程中大家可能比较纠结的一个问题就是题型分类。如果我们能够将题目合理分类,势必能够提高我们的学习效率,最少考试的时候不会出现没有见过的题型,从而减少恐慌;另外,如果针对每一种题型总结出不错的写法,自然也就实现了投入少、收效快的目的。
那么托福独立写作一共有哪些题型呢?下表中汇总了2006年以来出现过的所有的独立写作题型及其标志词,其中subject指的是主体:比如 people, students, employees, government等等。掌握了这些标志词自然就能很快的确定该题目属于哪一种题型,从而有针对性的解题。
题型分类标志词绝对词 最高级, never, only, all, always 比较类 more...than 隐藏绝对词 Subject+should 三选一 abc or 123 四选一 abcd or 1234 今夕对比类 nowadays/in the past
明确了托福独立写作的考题分类,下面我们来了解一下各个题型的考察频率。我们对近十年独立写作题目进行了分类整理,当然,这些数据是不去重的,最近几年写作题目重复的其实特别多。
分类数量百分比比较类 159 41.09% 隐藏绝对词 137 35.40% 今夕对比类 48 12.40% 绝对词 38 9.82% 三选一 4
1.03%
四选一 1 0.26% 总数 387 100%
我们可以看到考察频率最高的是比较类和隐藏绝对词,那么我们在具体备考中就更能明确重点了。
有的同学可能觉得光给个标志词还是不太了解各个题型长啥样子,为了让大家对各个题型有个更清楚的认识,我们针对每个标志词列出一些具体题目,大家可以对号入座一下:
A>B Being happy with a job ismoreimportantthanhaving a high salary. A or B Which one is more enjoyable, three long daysorfive shorter days per week? A=B Students' activities doas muchbenefitasacademic study. 隐藏绝对词 People shouldnot pay to use public transportation. 今夕对比类 Agree or disagree, parentstodayare moreinvolved in their children’s education than they werein the past. 最高级 The bestway to reduce air pollution is for the government to raise the cost of fuel. only Onlymovies that can teach us something about real life are worth watching. never There isnevera good reason to be impolite or rude to another people, what do you think? any Foranybusiness to be successful, it must spend more money on advertising. impossible It isimpossibleto becompletely honest with your friends. 三选一 Which way do you think is the best for a student to make new friends:a, joining a sports team;b, participating in community activities;c, travelling 四选一 Which one influences you most when you make a majorpurchase:a) recommendations from your friends or colleagues;b)informationfrom media (TV, newspapers, magazine);c) salesman in the marketd) decide all by yourself without other information.
托福写作高分技巧:从新概念开始
在托福考试中,简单句罗列,语句不连贯,逻辑混乱,内容空洞等问题比比皆是,制约着学生写作水平和应试成绩的进一步提升。如果你遇到上述问题,说明你写作的基本功还不够扎实。那么如何在短时间内提高英语写作水平呢?《新概念二册》的写作练习则正是你的最佳选择。
首先,我们先来介绍一下《新概念二册》中的写作练习。
《新概念英语第二册:时间与进步》共4个单元,96篇课文,书中写作练习的目的是为了帮助学生学会写简单句、并列句、复合句和段落。
其中,一至三段元主要训练学生写简单句、并列句和复合句,共有以下几种练习形式:
1. 摘要写作 Summary Writing
这部分要求学生回答有关课文内容的一系列问题,然后将答案组成段落,即课文摘要,不超过55个单词。第一单元的问题用简单句回答即可(见书P13);第二单元的问题给出并列连词,要求用简单句和并列句回答(见书P123);第三单元的问题给出了连词和引导词,要求用简单句、并列句和复合句回答(见书P233)。
2. 作文 Composition
从第二单元开始出现作文练习,其目的是帮助学生写复合句。按照难易程度循序渐进的顺序,作文练习分三种。
1) 选择正确的动词和连词。题目给出三个句子,句子中的动词和连接词各给出两个选择,要求学生选出正确的词,改写句子(见书P127)。
2) 将简单句合并为复合句。每个题目中给出两个简单句以及连词,要求学生用给出的连词改写成复合句(见书P171)。
托福写作技巧:取代said
如果在托福写作中你已经彻底厌倦了某人said, said, said,那我们可以考虑一下其他阐述观点的表达方式。但这并不意味着人名和动词的随机排列组合,语境和语气态度在这里非常重要。下面为大家列举一些在英国大学中广泛认可的表达方式以及适用语境,参考一下可以有效地避免过度重复以及语言不准确不地道的问题。
Ways of Presenting Ideas and Arguments
引入类型
Types of writing
适用表述
Ways you might present this in your essay
1
当作者对自己所陈述的内容非常肯定,坚定不移时
When the writer is very committed, even passionate, about the ideas he/she writes
X asserts that…
X strongly argues that…
X firmly believes that…
X is committed to the idea that…
2
当作者引述极为具体细致的论据来论证其观点时
When the writer presents detailed evidence in support of his/her ideas
The work of X shows that…
X concludes that…
X found that…
X discovered that…
X learned that…
3
当作者本身对其所引述或陈述的观点持谨慎保留的态度时
When the writer is quite cautious and restrained about the ideas he/she puts forward
Research by X indicates that…
X suggests that…
4
当作者仅凭个人经验表达观点时
When the writer puts forward ideas based on their personal experiences only
The work of X indicates that…
X believes that…
X feels that…
5
当作者引述在读者看来值得质疑的观点时
When the writer puts forward ideas you are rather suspicious or skeptical about
X claims that…
X believes that…
According to X…
6
当作者非常直率地陈述观点,并辅以相当显而易见且理由充分的论据支持时
When the writer appears to report something in a straight-forward way, backed up with apparently good reasons for the ideas presented
X states that…
X reports that…
X notes that…
X found that…
X observes that…
X concludes that…
As X points out, …
X has drawn attention to the fact that…
X argues that…
3) 写出复合句。题目给出与课文内容有关的句子片段,让学生写出2至3个句子(见书P241)。
其次,第四单元的写作练习则更注重训练学生写段落,共有两种形式:
1. 摘要写作 Summary Writing
题目中给出了课文内容的要点,以及两套不同的连接词,要求学生用给出的要点和连词写出两个不同的段落,每段不超过80字(见书P343)。
2. 作文 Composition
题目以句子片段的形式,提供一些与课文内容有关的想象情节,要求学生按给出的思路写出150字左右的两段文字(见书P343)。
由此可见,《新概念第二册》精心设计的写作练习,不仅可以培养学生写并列句、复合句的能力,还可以提高学生发现文章重点,概述文章内容的能力,并灌输给学生发展、把握段落、文章结构的思路和方法。而这正是托福高分写作所最最需要的基本功。
熟悉托福考试的同学都知道,托福写作共分两篇。其中一篇,要求考生在30分钟内就某一话题阐述自己的观点,字数要求为300字以上。通过《新概念二册》的写作训练,学生已经熟练掌握了简单句、并列句和复合句的写作能力,以及段落发展的基本思路。
另一篇写作则要求考生先阅读一篇文章,并听与文章有关的课堂演讲,之后在20分钟内写一篇作文,总结课堂演讲的论点、论据,并陈述这些论点、论据是如何反驳文章的论点、论据的,字数要求为150字到225字之间。这篇写作考察的正是学生概述文章的能力,也是《新概念第二册》的写作练习中所重复涉及的。
托福写作解析:IF从句
总结了一些if的用法,大家考前看看
先看两个例子:
[Scenery]Sue has lost her watch. She think it may be at Ann’s house.
SUE: I think I left my watch at your house. Have you seen it?
(1) ANN: no, but I’ll have a look when I get home. If I find it, I’ll tell you.
If I find…., I’ll……
(2) Ann says: If I found a wallet in the street, I’d take it to the police.
If I found……, I’d(=I would)……..(而不是if I find, I’ll…..)
这里两个句子有着不同的意思,前者表示Ann觉得她有找到手表的真实可能性.因此才说if I find….., I’ll…..
而后者是完全不同的情况.在这里Ann没有考虑真实的可能性;她在虚拟这一个情景,并不认为真的可以在街上拣到手表.于是才说:if I found……,I’d……
if I do……….和if I did………的区别
用if+过去式(if I found / if you were / if we didn’t等) 表示虚拟的事情,而不是指过去时间发生的事情:
What would you do if you won a million pounds?
I don’t really want to go to their party, but I probably will go. They’d be offended if I didn’t go
Sarah has decided not to apply for the job. She isn’t really qualified for it, so she probably wouldn’t get it if she applied.
If从句中一般不用would:
I’d be very frightened if somebody pointed a gun at me.(而非if somebody would point)
If I didn’t go to their party, they’d be offended(而非if I wouldn’t go)
If …….would可以表示用来请求某人做某事:
I would be grateful if you would send me your brochure as soon as possible.
“Shall I close the door?” “yes, please, If you would.”
Would(‘d) / wouldn’t用于句子的主句(不是if从句)
If you took more exercise, you’d (=you would) probably feel healthier.
Would you mind if I used your phone?
I’m not tired enough to go to bed yet. I wouldn’t sleep.
另外,if引导的条件句也能引起倒装,如果要是在作文里用到,也是一个加分点:
先看正常语序.
It would be a serious setback, if the talks were to fail.
If you should need more information, please telephone our main office.
If Alex had asked, I would have been able to help.
倒装是要省略if
it would be a serious setback, were the talks to fail.
Should you need more information, please telephone our main office.
Had Alex asked, I would have been able to help
倒装句比if-从句更加正式.
但是在否定句里面,不可以用缩写
e.g.
Had he not resigned, we should have been forced to sack him(不用hadn’t he…..)
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