前人总结出的托福成绩复议四条潜规则
托福成绩不满意，我要去复议!然而，托福成绩复议真的会提高分数吗?什么情况下可以进行成绩复议?一起来看看前人总结出的托福成绩复议四条潜规则。
前人总结出的托福成绩复议四条潜规则
一、什么时候有托福成绩复议的必要?
其实简单来说，应该是在自己的分数跟需要的分数很接近的时候，比如你现在98分，然后你需要100分的时候;或者是你现在77分，然后你需要80分的时候，你进行复议。亦或者是这所学校对于口语或者作文的单项有最低成绩要求，而你的分数恰好又相差不多(1-5分的时候)你才有复议的必要。
二、什么情况值得托福成绩复议?
这个分口语和写作两部分，说说大家对自己分数产生的幻觉。
口语部分，很多同学看别人3个f是22分，自己3个f也应该是22分，如果没达到就要复议。其实别人的经验对没有任何参考，况且每一场考试分数都会根据考试难度有浮动，光比较成绩是没用的。
写作部分就更主观了，有时候自己认为写的很不错的文章，专业老师看还是能挑出不少毛病。建议大家在平常练习时就参照OG上的评分标准检查，如果平常的文章就有一些语法错误和拼写错误的话，真正考试的时候只会多不会少，提分的可能性就不大。
必须强调的是：复议不是提分手段，只是给你一个重新公正评审的机会。对照OG上的口语和写作的标准仔细回忆考场上的情况，如果觉得和自己的预估的成绩差很多，那才去复议。
三、托福成绩复议一定涨分?多少人涨分，多少人降分?
之前在谈雅思复议时和大家分享过，雅思复议一定不会降分，只可能持平或者提分，但是托福不一样。如果你要求ETS重新对于你的托福口语或者作文进行评分，那么这个分数有可能上涨，也有可能下降!且用且谨慎!
据GTER统计，单项：有262人降分，452人涨分。降3分以上的为116人，降1-3分的为146人;涨3分以上的143人，涨1-3分的309人。
两项合计的话：降分54人，涨分135人。降5分以上的21人，降1-5分的33人，涨5分以上的67人，涨1-5分的68人。
这个数据清晰的为我们表明：
单项涨分的人占63%，相应的降分的占37%。
两项合起来涨分的人占71%，降分的占29%。
这其中，口语涨分的情况比较多，相对的作文复议之后结果变化不大。
从这些数据之中我们可以看出，大多数人复议之后，分数是上涨的，单项涨分的占63%，两项涨分的占71%;但是，也有一小部分人分数是有所下降的，单项降分的占37%，两项减分的占29%。
因此从这个角度来看，如果你的分数已经够用了，那么考虑到有可能降分，因此建议不要再花钱复议了。但是如果是向前面所说的，恰好某个单项分数不够，或者总分跟要求的分数差一点，可以复议，否则最好不要复议了。
复议的风险
除了复议可能会降低分数之外，这里还有一点潜规则，也就是其实复议的时间长短在这里没有明确表明，从经验来看，复议结果，快的话1-2周，慢的话2个月都是有可能的。时间上极为没准，因此，如果着急要分，不如马上拿钱再考一次!
四、什么情况下进行复议成功率高?
什么时候复议成功率最高，尤其还是主观性较强的口语和写作部分，还真不好说，能给大家最中肯的建议就是对照托福OG上口语和写作部分的评分标准，仔细回忆考试当天的情况，如果和判断的结果相差很大的话，再复议成功率较高。
再给大家一些具体的数据做参考，拿口语举例：
1、其他单项分数高， 托福口语单项分数低：比如复议前是28+26+18+25，这种情况复议涨分的可能比较大;
2、Good、Limited、Fair这些等级是可以改变的：不要太在意复议前limited、fair这些等级。复议时候这个fair、limited等级是会重新评定的，所以还是要根据自己的考场发挥来判断涨分空间。比如曾经有一位考生，复议前是2个limited1个fair，复议后就变成3个fair了。
3、复议加分的可能性：据统计，100个考生申请复议，分数变化的是10%左右。其中加分的是7个，减分的是3个。按以往复议数据来看，写作分数涨分的可能性比口语更小。因此，考虑是否复议要考虑到减分的风险。最好的选择当然是再刷一次托福。
托福阅读背景知识：雨林中动物传递信息的方式
托福阅读真题再现：
讲的是动物、昆虫的发声的问题
最开始怎么说的记不清楚了，第一层应该就是rain forest里面的小东东怎么让声音传播。热带雨林里面这么吵，要让同类听到自己还是很不容易的，尤其对于那些小昆虫什么的，而且很多小东西通过发声来求偶交配嘛，你们都懂的!!!Rain forest这里举了一个树蛙的例子，就是这小青蛙用的一种招数，它一般会进到有水的树洞， 身体一部分没入水中，然后开始发声，找到与大树能共鸣的频率，这不就能传的更高更远嘛。(有排除题)
下面一层应该是讲birds，同时提到了它们叫的时间一般是在早上和黄昏，那个时候声音能传得更远， 但是有些时候也会让天敌们发现之类的(没记错的话，最少有俩道题)
最后一层应该是提到了不同物种的发声频率不同，这能让它们被分辨出来。还有一个教授，把声音录下来回去分析，发现每个雨林的声音还不太一样，也是unique的，甚至可以像人类的指纹一样去分辨树林的独特声音什么的(有题)
老师解析：
本篇文章讲解了雨林中不同动物不同的传递信息的方式。属于生物学中典型的话题，请大家理解文章时重点关注生物传递信息的方式与雨林环境的适应性的体现。相应背景请参考下文：
The daytime quality of light in forests varies with the density of the vegetation, the angle of the Sun, and the amount of cloud in the sky. Both animals and plants have different appearances in these various lighting conditions. A color or pattern that is relatively indistinct in one kind of light may be quite conspicuous in another.
In the varied and constantly changing light environment of the forest, an animal must be able to send visual signals to members of its own species and at the same time avoid being detected by predators. An animal can hide from predators by choosing the light environment in which its pattern is least visible. This may require moving to different parts of the forest at different times of the day or under different weather conditions, or it may be achieved by changing color according to the changing light conditions. Many species of amphibians (frogs and toads) and reptiles (lizards and snakes) are able to change their color patterns to camouflage themselves. Some also signal by changing color. The chameleon lizard has the most striking ability to do this. Some chameleon species can change from a rather dull appearance to a full riot of carnival colors in seconds. By this means, they signal their level of aggression or readiness to mate.
Other species take into account the changing conditions of light by performing their visual displays only when the light is favorable. A male bird of paradise may put himself in the limelight by displaying his spectacular plumage in the best stage setting to attract a female. Certain butterflies move into spots of sunlight that have penetrated to the forest floor and display by opening and closing their beautifully patterned wings in the bright spotlights. They also compete with each other for the best spot of sunlight.
Very little light filters through the canopy of leaves and branches in a rain forest to reach ground level—or close to the ground—and at those levels the yellow-to-green wavelength predominate. A signal might be most easily seen if it is maximally bright. In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background. The best signal depends not only on its brightness but also on how well it contrasts with the background against which it must be seen. In this part of the rain forest, therefore, red and orange are the best colors for signaling, and they are the colors used in signals by the ground-walking Australian brush turkey. This species, which lives in the rain forests and scrublands of the east coast of Australia, has a brown-to-black plumage with bare, bright-red skin on the head and a neck collar of orange-yellow loosely hanging skin. During courtship and aggressive displays, the turkey enlarges its colored neck collar by inflating sacs in the neck region and then flings about a pendulous part of the colored signaling apparatus as it utters calls designed to attract or repel. This impressive display is clearly visible in the light spectrum illuminating the forest floor.
Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on forms of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances. The piercing cries of the rhinoceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest, as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons. In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation. In forests, visual signals can be seen only at short distances, where they are not obstructed by trees. The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display. The sounds made as each wing is opened carry extremely well over distance and advertise his presence widely. The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.
托福阅读背景知识：如何处理害虫
托福阅读真题再现：
讲得是pest的问题，如何处理害虫。。
先讲了一个例子好像是美国西南部，具体记不清了，其实是为了引出 chemical 方法 ，就是杀虫剂pesticide，而且还讲了杀虫剂的负作用，会对native的一些物种造成预想不到的损伤。同时pest产生耐药性的时间大约5年，远短于研制出新的pesticide所需要的时间。(就是说这方法有明显缺陷，好引出下面的方法，你们懂得!!!肯定有题的嘛...)
然后就讲了biological方法，引进pest的天敌，因为多数顽固的pest其实是外来物种，之所以成为pest就是没有天敌。这里举了中国古代的一个例子，知道例子的功能就好。 (有题)然后这提到了一些不足，细节记不太清楚了。
最后来到了终极大招，一个叫IPM的方法让害虫们明白!!!其实就是一种integrated的什么方法，综合考虑各种因素，什么经济啊，生物学啊，如果不得不用杀虫剂要控制剂量啊等等(有排除题)。其实我觉得不算新方法，但是就是综合考虑，然后就有了IPM这样一个酷炫的名字。
老师解析：
本篇文章讲解了处理害虫的不同方法。理解文章时按照不同的处理方法梳理文章的结构，不同的方法要把握住作者关于其优点和缺点的介绍，不同的方法的不同特点为文章出题的题点。
Insects become resistant to chemical insecticides very rapidly—it can happen in as few as five generations. This is natural selection at work.
The problem is that an insecticide never kills all of its intended victims. If even a few insects survive, they will reproduce. These surviving insects will produce two types of young—those that are resistant to the spray, and those that are not. The non-resistant insects will be killed in the next spraying, but those that are left reproduce. At each generation, the number of naturally resistant insects in the population increases.
An individual insect does not become resistant during its lifetime. It is born either resistant or non-resistant, and it is the population as a whole that gradually becomes resistant to the pesticide over time. The Bt toxins become ineffective, and the benefits of using them (less toxicity to non-target species) disappear.
As this occurs, a new pesticide must be developed. Over time, populations of insects can become resistant to more and more pesticides. As a result, humans need to make different pesticides that are generally stronger.
Organic farmers have used Bt on their crops for a number of years. They are concerned that the increased use of the Bt toxin could speed up the development of resistant insect populations.
Entomologists know that controlled, laboratory experiments with generations of insects cannot be easily reproduced in the field. How the resistant insects breed with refuge insects, and over what time frames, will determine the success of this technology.
These concerns are balanced by concerns that existing pesticide practices can be much more dangerous for non-target insect species than insect-resistant crops. Conventional non-selective pesticides kill many non-target insects. By reducing the number of sprays needed, insect-resistant crops help to preserve beneficial predator insects and simplify management decisions.
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