一道80%的考生都会漏选的GRE阅读多选题
大家在做gre阅读的多选题的时候常常会有漏选的现象，下面小编就给大家实例讲解一下，告诉大家如何避免漏选的问题!
一道80%的考生都会漏选的GRE阅读多选题
阅读-正文
Astronomers who study planet formation once believed that comets—because they remain mostly in the distant Oort cloud, where temperatures are close to absolute zero—must be pristine relics of the material that formed the outer planets.
The conceptual shift away from seeing comets as pristine relics began in the 1970s, when laboratory simulations revealed there was sufficient ultraviolet radiation reaching comets to darken their surfaces and there were sufficient cosmic rays to alter chemical bonds or even molecular structure near the surface.
Nevertheless, astronomers still believed that when a comet approached the Sun— where they could study it—the Sun’s intense heat would remove the corrupted surface layer, exposing the interior. About the same time, though, scientists realized comets might contain decaying radioactive isotopes that could have warmed cometary interiors to temperatures that caused the interiors to evolve.
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
Q：According to the passage, astronomers recognize which of the following as being liable to cause changes to comets?
A. cosmic rays
B. radioactive decay
C. ultraviolet radiation
易错点
本题绝大部分同学都能通过定位到第二句，然后选出AC;然后他们会觉得B选项在第四句出现，属于非答案区间，所以不选。
与此同时，还有同学发现了题目问的是 astronomers 的观点，而B选项是 scientists 的观点，所以也不选。
然而，本题的答案是ABC。
为什么B选项也对，这就是本题的难点。
第一，我们在课程上强调过，可多选题的答案区间是被模糊化的，不像单选题那么具体，这是多选题本身的特点决定的。
第二，也是非常重要的一个考点，请大家注意到第四句 About the same time，scientists 意识到……，并没有与前面的观点出现转折或者反驳，而是对 comets 形成的可能性的一种补充，所以 astronomers 也会认同这个观点。
【况且，说 astronomers 就是 scientists 也没有什么问题】
第三，很多同学纠结的是文章最后一句的 though，认为这是对前一句的反驳。
这个认知本身没啥问题，但是需要注意的是第三句提出 astronomers 认为彗星是从外部开始变化，最后暴露出内部。
而第四句说的是由于有放射性衰变，彗星是先从内部发生变化，然后扩散到外部。
故而，二者其实争论的是到底是内部先变化还是外部先变化，而他们都同意存在着 radioactive decay。
GRE阅读题目解析:亚马逊河流域前现代社群
Meggers argued that agriculture depends on extracting nutrients from soils into edible crops, so premodern societies in Amazonia could never grow large because underlying soils are impoverished. In Meggers’ view the population size that a culture could reach depended upon the agricultural potential of its environment. Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts. Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
1. In the context of the passage the highlighted sentence serves to
A. explain the broader rationale for a conclusion described in the preceding sentence
B. suggest some of the drawbacks of the riverbank location of the villages described in the following sentence
C. acknowledge information that appears to undermine a description attributed to Orellana
D. introduce a principle that appears to be contradicted by the agricultural development of premodern Amazonia
E. give a reason for an upward revision in earlier estimates for premodern Amazonia
2. From the passage it can be inferred that Omagua depended on
A. overland transport to communicate between villages
B. foraging inland to obtain foodstuffs not available locally
C. some form of fertilization to boost agricultural production
D. fish and turtles for at least part of their diet
E. trade with other peoples for some raw materials
P43
1
Meggers argued that agriculture depends on extracting nutrients from soils into edible crops, so premodern societies in Amazonia could never grow large because underlying soils are impoverished.
M 指出，农业依赖于庄稼从土壤中吸收营养物质，所以亚马逊河流域的前现代社群永远无法壮大，因为当地土壤贫瘠。
2
In Meggers’ view the population size that a culture could reach depended upon the agricultural potential of its environment.
在 M 看来，一种文化能滋养的最大人口，受其所在环境的农业潜力约束。
3
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.
M 同意亚马逊河的鱼和龟作为一种食物来源，可能哺育了狭长河岸地区的村落，正如探索者 O 在 1542 年描述的那样，但她不同意 C 认为这些定居点人口已经上万的估计，认为这种估计过于夸张了，她也确信内陆地区没有类似规模的定居点。
4
Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
河岸地区的 Om 族人，同时是 C 研究过的 O 长途考察中最大的酋长统领地区之一，认为内陆林地是无人活动的荒野，这也印证了 M 的观点。
(
酋长领地 [chiefdom]
社会政治组织的形式，在此组织中一个人(或一群人)对许多群体行使政治和经济的权力。它意味着牺牲地方和自治团体的利益把权力和权限集中起来。在西非或波利尼西亚建立的那些酋长领地里，政治权威与经济权力是不可分割的，包括统治者索取贡赋和税收的权利。酋长领地头目们的一个主要经济活动就是促进经济盈余的生产，然后他们在各种场合把盈余重新分配给他们的臣民。参阅社会文化演化(sociocultural evolution)。
(大英袖珍百科)
hinterland 内陆地区，内地，腹地)
1. In the context of the passage the highlighted sentence serves to
A. explain the broader rationale for a conclusion described in the preceding sentence
B. suggest some of the drawbacks of the riverbank location of the villages described in the following sentence
C. acknowledge information that appears to undermine a description attributed to Orellana
D. introduce a principle that appears to be contradicted by the agricultural development of premodern Amazonia
E. give a reason for an upward revision in earlier estimates for premodern Amazonia
选 A
rationale 根本原因，基本原理
2. From the passage it can be inferred that Omagua depended on
A. overland transport to communicate between villages
B. foraging inland to obtain foodstuffs not available locally
C. some form of fertilization to boost agricultural production
D. fish and turtles for at least part of their diet
E. trade with other peoples for some raw materials
选 D
让我们根据文段对 Om 做一些推测，首先 Om 出现在句 4：
Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
根据 C 和 O 以及 M 对 Om 都有涉及，我们把范围扩大到句 3：
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.
综合两部分内容，选 D。
A 在村落间做横跨大陆的贸易运输。鬼扯。
B 去内陆收集本地没有的食物。未知信息，文中只能判断 Om 人认为内陆没有人定居，至于他们自己去不去找食物，无法判断。
C 用某种肥料给农作物增产。哈哈，欢乐的鬼扯。
E 与其他民族或部族进行原材料贸易。下一段。
GRE阅读题目解析:地壳板块运动
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface. This leaves a loose end in current geological theory. Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics. Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible. Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events. Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton—the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.
1. The author’s primary purpose is to
A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface
B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory
C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation
D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context
E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed
2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to
A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology
B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.
C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.
D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.
E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.
3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?
A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.
B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.
C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.
D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.
E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.
P41
1
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface.
地球核心散失的热量以及放射性衰变本身，就能够为塑造地表形态的地壳板块运动提供所有能量，现在，许多理论学者对此提出质疑。
2
This leaves a loose end in current geological theory.
这是当今地质学理论中的一个遗留问题。
(loose end 未能解决的小问题或小困难，某事彻底解决前的最后障碍或细节，比如 “ _ 岛的归属问题，是两国边界划定的 loose end ”)
3
Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics.
H S 认为，由于科学家们一直以来低估了来自地球以外的撞击者(撞击地球的小行星和彗星)携带的巨大能量，所以他们难以解释来自地球地球内部的能量，与板块构造学所涉及的能量，性质上有什么不同。
(account for 解释。它的主语可以是人，即(某人)解释(某事或某过程);主语也可以是非人，即(某物)作为(某事或某过程的)原因。文中取第一种理解。)
4
Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible.
尽管多数地质学家把地球表面遭到此类撞击所接收的能量，视为独立于地壳板块运动的过程，但 S 坚持认为这些过程不是独立的。
(bombardment 炮击，轰炸，一连串的攻击、诘问
再讲一次 whereas 我保证以后不讲了 you have my word
这个词，基本上是连词界的吕布，三姓家奴，一会一个主意，你根本无法预先判断它，它从未完成一个连词理应具备的预先指示功能。
它可能有如下几种解释：
1)although
2)while at the same time
3)while on the contrary
4)in view of the fact that / since / taking into consideration the fact that
第一种引导让步条件，中间两种可能引导对比关系，后一种通常引导(较弱的)因果关系。
回到句子，盖住 whereas，我们能够明确判断的是 most geologists 和 S 的观点相反，如果你认为这是一种对比关系，可以把 whereas 理解为 while 或 while on the contrary;如果你认为作者更偏重强调 S 的看法，可以认为 whereas 相当于 although 。两种效果差不多，我的翻译取了后一种。
下一句中也出现了 whereas，不妨先忽略翻译，试着自己判断一下该对应哪种解释。)
5
Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events.
S 提出的革命性的 “ 开放系统 ” 观点认为，内在的与外来的动力构成了一个连续统一系统，而近代板块地质理论，比如十九世纪发展出的古典地质学，建立在这种观点的基础上，即地球的地质特征随不断的，有规律的地球内部运动过程而改变，与特殊的灾变事件无关。
6
Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton — the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.
也许未曾明说，但古典地质学从牛顿(的经典力学)借用了一个至关重要的假设，地球发生的事件独立于宇宙环境。
1. The author’s primary purpose is to
A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface
B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory
C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation
D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context
E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed
选 B
确认了关于外来天体撞击的两种观点，并指出这种现象(撞击)影响了板块地壳理论的的发展。
两种观点：一种认为外力有影响地壳板块变化过程，一种认为地球变化独立于外力影响。
影响了理论发展表现为，十九世纪的古典地质学不考虑外力撞击的影响(句 5)，现在 many theorists 怀疑有影响(句 1)。
2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to
A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology
B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.
C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.
D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.
E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.
选 E
不得不说，文章的关键细节有点禁不起推敲。
首先看句 1：
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface.
句 3 告诉我们 H S 是质疑派学者的一个代表。
再看句 4：
Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible.
现在请大家思考，目前(作者写此文时所处的时空)到底哪种看法是地质学在这个问题上的主流?句 1 的 many theorists(包括 S)还是句 4 的 most geologists?
最终还是 most 比 many 大，但文章写成这样，的确难免在快速阅读中给人造成错觉。many 改成 some 就没这种误会了。希望 ETS 越来越严谨。
回到题目，选 E，current scientific theories 指的就是 most geologists 的看法。
3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?
A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.
B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.
C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.
D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.
E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.
选 C
关于地球表面的塑形过程，地壳理论基于牛顿所理论的想法(独立过程)，根据句 6 。
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