汉英被动表达的差异
初中生学习英语被动语态最易出现的错误是，在很多该用被动语态的地方没有用。接下来，小编给大家准备了汉英被动表达的差异,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
汉英被动表达的差异
比如学生经常说出这样的句子：The classroom has cleaned. The gas has used up. 这是因为汉语被字句的使用频率很低，学生习惯于“教室打扫干净了”、“汽油用完了”等无形式标记被动句的表达法，对译成英语，也就忘了该用被动语态。深一层的原因是汉语史上被字句一般用来表示不愉快或遗憾的事情。比如人们一般问：“ 教师表扬(你)了没有?”而不大说：“你被老师表扬了没有?”一般说：“(我)又被老师批评了。”而不大说：“老师又批评我了。”(这句话的意思似乎是老师批评得不合适。)再如：“蛋糕被猫吃掉了。”(隐含义是蛋糕本来是我们要吃的。)当然，随着本世纪以来汉语欧化句式的大量涌现，被字句的使用频率大大增加，许多场合的被字句也并不表示不愉快，“我被老师表扬了。”一类句子也到处使用。但与英语相比，汉语中的被字句出现频率仍低了很多。另一方面，汉语中存在的大量无形式标记被动句，如果译成英语则必须用被动语态，但学生往往忘了使用被动语态，这是初中学生学习英语被动句时最易出现的错误。比如“信写完了”常被译成“The letter has written.”; “门锁上了”常被译成“The door has locked up.”对此，必须设计具体的语境， 通过大量的英汉对比翻译，反复操练，才能加深理解。比如：
教室打扫干净了。
The classroom has been cleaned.
树种好了。
The trees have been planted.
杯子打破了。
The cup was broken.
汽车撞坏了。
The car was broken.
书他拿走了。
The book has been taken away by him.
协议通过了。
The agreement has been adopted.
米吃光了。
The rice has been eaten up.
……
还有，汉语中有的被动句的形式标记不是“被”字，而是“让”、“给”、“叫”、“受”、“遭”、“ 为…所…”等。比如：
那只狗叫他们给杀了。
The dog was killed by them.
小偷让警察抓去了。
The thief was captured1 by a policeman.
鞋子给扔了。
The shoes have been thrown away.
他遭了父亲一顿打。
He was beaten by his father.
我们为那部电影所感动。
We were moved by that film.
反过来说，英语中许多习惯于用被动语态的场合，汉语是不用被动句来表述的 。比如：
(1)据说，据报道：It was said /reported that John wonthe game.
(2)不明或不必说出动作执行者：
We have not been told about it.
Such books are written for children.
(3)出于礼貌的表达方式：
You are invited to the birthday party.
It is thought not OK to act that way.
扩展：被动语态的时态
(以动词make为例)
(1)…is/am/are made… (一般现在时)
(2)…is/am/are being1 made… (现在进行时)
(3)…has/have been made… (现在完成时)
(4)…was/were made… (一般过去时)
(5)…was/were being made… (过去进行时)
(6)…had/been made… (过去完成时)
(7)…will/shall2 be made… (一般将来时)
(8)…would be made… (过去将来时)
例：
You are invited to the birthday party.
It was made for Tom by Wang Lin in China in 1990.
The letter has been finished.
The letter has not been finished.
The house is being built.
Has the letter been finished?
The letter will be finished this evening.
The building shall be founded next year.
另：结合“will/shall/would be+动词过去分词”的结构，可延伸到“can/may /must/ should/has to/have to/to be going to+be+动词过去分词”等带情态动词或不定式的被动结构以及各种结构的变换方式。如：
It will be given to him.
The building shall be founded next year.
Apples cannot be kept for a long time.
The baby must be looked after carefully.
This problem should be resolved3 as soon as possible.
The dog has to be killed.
Many trees are going to be planted here.
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