2020年托福阅读官方评分标准
进入2020年，相信有很多的新同学加入到托福备考中来。对于具体的托福阅读的评分标准，大家可能不是很清楚。因此学习啦为大家整理了相关的内容，让大家更好地了解阅读分数的评分标准。
2020年托福阅读官方评分标准
新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇12-14道题,如果遇到加试时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“total points”。除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。考试所得分数范围：0-30分。
| 正确题目个数 | 得分 | 正确题目个数 | 得分 | 正确题目个数 | 得分 | 正确题目个数 | 得分 |
| 10 | 3 | 21 | 8 | 32 | 18 | 45 | 30 |
| 9 | 2 | 20 | 8 | 31 | 17 | 44 | 29 |
| 8 | 2 | 19 | 7 | 30 | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 7 | 1 | 18 | 7 | 29 | 16 | 42 | 28 |
| 6 | 1 | 17 | 6 | 28 | 15 | 41 | 27 |
| 5 | 0 | 16 | 6 | 27 | 14 | 40 | 26 |
| 4 | 0 | 15 | 5 | 26 | 13 | 39 | 25 |
| 3 | 0 | 14 | 5 | 25 | 12 | 38 | 24 |
| 2 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 24 | 11 | 37 | 23 |
| 1 | 0 | 12 | 4 | 23 | 10 | 36 | 22 |
| 33 | 19 | 11 | 3 | 22 | 9 | 35 | 21 |
| 34 | 20 |
托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。
每篇文章700个字，对应14道题目。其中，13道题是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3，3个选项错一个扣一分，扣完为止，即在答题中错2或3个选项，这个题目不得分。
因此，每篇文章对应14个题目，共15分。阅读部分整体42道题，对应原始分数满分45分。根据如下表格，将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。
托福阅读TPO33第2篇:铁路和商品化农业
Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States
【1】By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track; Ten years later it had over 30,000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains—over 2,000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.
【2】The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home. Before the railroad reached Tennessee, the state produced about 25,000 bushels (or 640 tons) of wheat, which sold for less than 50 cents a bushel. Once the railroad came, farmers in the same counties grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold their crop at a dollar a bushel.
【3】The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans’ hot and humid warehouses. Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.
【4】A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented. Wheat, which in 1845 commanded class="con">
2020年托福阅读官方评分标准
进入2020年，相信有很多的新同学加入到托福备考中来。对于具体的托福阅读的评分标准，大家可能不是很清楚。因此学习啦为大家整理了相关的内容，让大家更好地了解阅读分数的评分标准。
2020年托福阅读官方评分标准
新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇12-14道题,如果遇到加试时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“total points”。除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。考试所得分数范围：0-30分。
| 正确题目个数 | 得分 | 正确题目个数 | 得分 | 正确题目个数 | 得分 | 正确题目个数 | 得分 |
| 10 | 3 | 21 | 8 | 32 | 18 | 45 | 30 |
| 9 | 2 | 20 | 8 | 31 | 17 | 44 | 29 |
| 8 | 2 | 19 | 7 | 30 | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 7 | 1 | 18 | 7 | 29 | 16 | 42 | 28 |
| 6 | 1 | 17 | 6 | 28 | 15 | 41 | 27 |
| 5 | 0 | 16 | 6 | 27 | 14 | 40 | 26 |
| 4 | 0 | 15 | 5 | 26 | 13 | 39 | 25 |
| 3 | 0 | 14 | 5 | 25 | 12 | 38 | 24 |
| 2 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 24 | 11 | 37 | 23 |
| 1 | 0 | 12 | 4 | 23 | 10 | 36 | 22 |
| 33 | 19 | 11 | 3 | 22 | 9 | 35 | 21 |
| 34 | 20 |
托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。
每篇文章700个字，对应14道题目。其中，13道题是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3，3个选项错一个扣一分，扣完为止，即在答题中错2或3个选项，这个题目不得分。
因此，每篇文章对应14个题目，共15分。阅读部分整体42道题，对应原始分数满分45分。根据如下表格，将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。
托福阅读TPO33第2篇:铁路和商品化农业
Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States
【1】By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track; Ten years later it had over 30,000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains—over 2,000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.
【2】The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home. Before the railroad reached Tennessee, the state produced about 25,000 bushels (or 640 tons) of wheat, which sold for less than 50 cents a bushel. Once the railroad came, farmers in the same counties grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold their crop at a dollar a bushel.
【3】The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans’ hot and humid warehouses. Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.
【4】A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented. Wheat, which in 1845 commanded $1.08 a bushel in New York City, fetched $2.46 in 1855; in similar fashion the price of corn nearly doubled. Farmers responded by specializing in cash crops, borrowing to purchase more land, and investing in equipment to increase productivity.
【5】As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercial agriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlers accustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grass were an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however, John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sod without soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaper that harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the 1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up with demand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually.
【6】The new commercial farming fundamentally altered the Midwestern landscape and the environment. Native Americans had grown corn in the region for years, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers, whose surpluses were shipped east. Prairie farmers also introduced new crops that were not part of the earlier ecological system, notably wheat, along with fruits and vegetables.
【7】Native grasses were replaced by a small number of plants cultivated as commodities. Corn had the best yields, but it was primarily used to feed livestock. Because bread played a key role in the American and European diet, wheat became the major cash crop. Tame grasses replaced native grasses in pastures for making hay.
【8】Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees. In the absence of these fires, trees reappeared on land not in cultivation and, if undisturbed, eventually formed woodlots. The earlier unbroken landscape gave way to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more-irregular farms in the East.
托福阅读TPO33题目第2篇:铁路和商品化农业
1.According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true about railroad track in the United States EXCEPT:
A.In 1850 the United States had less than 10,000 miles of railroad track.
B.By the end of the 1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more railroad track than any other state in the country.
C.Much of the railroad track built in the United States during the 1850s was located west of the Appalachian Mountain.
D.By 1860 there were more miles of railroad track in the United States than in any other country.
2.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which of the following effects on farm communities?
A.Most new farms were located along the tracks.
B.Farmers began to grow wheat as a commercial corp.
C.Many farmers decided to grow a wider variety of crops.
D.Demand for manufactured goods increased among farmers.
3.The word "bustling" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to
A.famous.
B.important.
C.growing.
D.busy.
4.According to paragraph 3, in what way did the new rail networks change western trade?
A.Northwestern farmers almost completely stopped shipping goods by steamboat.
B.Many western goods began to be shipped east by way of Chicago rather than south to New Orleans.
C.Chicago largely replaced New York and other eastern cities as the final market for goods for the West.
D.The value of goods shipped west soon became greater than the value of goods shipped east.
5.According to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of shipping goods from northwestern areas to New Orleans?
A.There was no reliable way to get goods from New Orleans to eastern cities.
B.The cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans continued to increase.
C.Goods shipped from New Orleans' neighboring areas had a significant competitive advantage because of their lower transportation costs.
D.The temperatures and humidity.
6.Paragraph 4 supports the idea that the price of wheat more than doubled between 1845 and 1855 because
A.the price of corn nearly doubled during that same period.
B.demand for grain increased sharply outside the United States.
C.farmers in the Northeast and Midwest began to specialize in cash crops.
D.many farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase land and equipment for raising wheat.
7.The word "transformed" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.dominated.
B.changed.
C.improved.
D.created.
8.The word "erected" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.looked for.
B.lived on.
C.preferred.
D.built.
9.Why does author point out that "Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person"(paragraph 5)?
A.To provide a reason why people from the eastern woodlands of the United States were impressed when they saw the prairie.
B.To identify an obstacles to the development of the railroad lines fanning out from Chicago.
C.To explain why the transformation of the prairies by commercial agriculture was so remarkable.
D.To provide evidence supporting the claim that the prairies had fertile, deep black soil.
10.According to paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not farm open prairie land because
A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.
B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.
C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile than the soil of the open prairie.
D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlers arrived.
11.The word "surpluses" in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to
A.extra goods
B.commercial goods
C.unprocessed goods
D.transportable goods
12.According to paragraph 8, prairie farmers changed the landscape by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
A.Reducing annual fires.
B.Dividing the land into large, regularly-shaped lots.
C.Planting trees that eventually formed woodlots.
D.Fencing off their farms.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The problems were not limited to routes of transport.
The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. ■【A】In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. ■【B】But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. ■【C】Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot and humid warehouses. ■【D】Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.
14. Prose Summary
The huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United States during the 1850s had major economic and environmental effects.
A.Construction of new rail lines into the Midwest had been effectively stopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850 improved construction technology had made further advances possible.
B.Rail lines to Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get Midwestern goods to distant markets, while growing demand encouraged crop specialization and led to higher crop prices.
C.Because of the growing volume of traffic coming by rail from the Northeast and Midwest, the value of goods arriving in New Orleans for shipment to markets abroad increased dramatically.
D.Access to rail lines combined with the development of more-efficient farming equipment allowed e fertile land of the open prairies to be used for large-scale commercial agriculture.
E.Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were divided into large fenced fields.
F.Native Americans had grown corn on the prairies for years but had not produced large surpluses because the varieties they planted had far poorer yields than those introduced by commercial farmers.
托福阅读TPO33第2篇答案:铁路和商品化农业
1.否定细节题：定位句 By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track;对应 A 选项。定位句 Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains E over 2.000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.对应C选项，同时由于该句子中没有出 现有关Ohio and Illinois比较的相关信息.因此B选项错误。定位句then years later it had over 30,000 miles，more than the rest of the world combined. 对应D选项。
2.推断题：定位句The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home.意思是说因为铁路建设带动了经济，农民开始有钱了，于是就开始买手工制品了。因此就可以推断出，农民有钱了就有了买东西的欲望和需求。
3.bustling， 繁忙的，对应D。
4.细节题：定位句 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the legion's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855.意思是铁路的建设转移了西方贸易的方向，芝加哥成为了贸易中心，取代了原先的新奥尔良。因此答案是B。
5.细节题：Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.意思是说因为虽然货物本身的价值在增加，但是南部的市场份额却在下降，就暗示了越来越少人的人愿意通过该途径运货，即要么速度太慢要么成本太高。因此这道题的答案是B。
6.细节题：定位句A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented.国外的粮食需求猛增，然后该段最后出现的结果就是价格上升。
7.transform，变形，对应B。
8.erect，建立，对应D。
9.修辞目的题：定位句As railroad lilies fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production.该段的主旨：农民将肥沃的黑土投入生产中，题干中的信息是一个具体的例子，表明的是具体的产物。
10.细节题：定位句 Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie.原因是梨不能穿透草地，因此答案只可能是A。
11.surpluses，剩余，多余的东西，选A。
12.否定细节题：定位句 Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees.对应A选项。定位句The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern.对应D选项。定位句 The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms. each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots. and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more -irregular farms in the East, checkerboard pattern 棋盘格样式，对应B选项。C选项错在没有提到planting trees。
13.句子插入题：原句的意思是问题不仅局限在道路运输上，因此我们可以推 断出该句子的下一句应该会提到其他的问题，因此第三个方框满足要求。前面再讲水路问题，后面讲到了天气和湿度问题。插入的句子正好起到了承上启下的作用。
14.Access to rail lilies combined with the development of more - efficient fanning equipment allowed fertile land of the open prairies of the open prairies to be used for large - scale commercial agriculture.正确。对应第二、五段，铁路的发展带动经济，农民获得土地，改进农作用具，提高农作物的产量。
Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were decided into large fenced fields.正确。对应第八段主旨，农民通过各式各样的方法改变地貌，发展农业。
E正确。对应第三段主要内容 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the region's hub，linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.水利交通的没落和铁路运输的兴起。
2020年托福阅读官方评分标准相关文章：
.46 in 1855; in similar fashion the price of corn nearly doubled. Farmers responded by specializing in cash crops, borrowing to purchase more land, and investing in equipment to increase productivity.【5】As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercial agriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlers accustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grass were an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however, John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sod without soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaper that harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the 1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up with demand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually.
【6】The new commercial farming fundamentally altered the Midwestern landscape and the environment. Native Americans had grown corn in the region for years, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers, whose surpluses were shipped east. Prairie farmers also introduced new crops that were not part of the earlier ecological system, notably wheat, along with fruits and vegetables.
【7】Native grasses were replaced by a small number of plants cultivated as commodities. Corn had the best yields, but it was primarily used to feed livestock. Because bread played a key role in the American and European diet, wheat became the major cash crop. Tame grasses replaced native grasses in pastures for making hay.
【8】Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees. In the absence of these fires, trees reappeared on land not in cultivation and, if undisturbed, eventually formed woodlots. The earlier unbroken landscape gave way to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more-irregular farms in the East.
托福阅读TPO33题目第2篇:铁路和商品化农业
1.According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true about railroad track in the United States EXCEPT:
A.In 1850 the United States had less than 10,000 miles of railroad track.
B.By the end of the 1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more railroad track than any other state in the country.
C.Much of the railroad track built in the United States during the 1850s was located west of the Appalachian Mountain.
D.By 1860 there were more miles of railroad track in the United States than in any other country.
2.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which of the following effects on farm communities?
A.Most new farms were located along the tracks.
B.Farmers began to grow wheat as a commercial corp.
C.Many farmers decided to grow a wider variety of crops.
D.Demand for manufactured goods increased among farmers.
3.The word "bustling" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to
A.famous.
B.important.
C.growing.
D.busy.
4.According to paragraph 3, in what way did the new rail networks change western trade?
A.Northwestern farmers almost completely stopped shipping goods by steamboat.
B.Many western goods began to be shipped east by way of Chicago rather than south to New Orleans.
C.Chicago largely replaced New York and other eastern cities as the final market for goods for the West.
D.The value of goods shipped west soon became greater than the value of goods shipped east.
5.According to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of shipping goods from northwestern areas to New Orleans?
A.There was no reliable way to get goods from New Orleans to eastern cities.
B.The cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans continued to increase.
C.Goods shipped from New Orleans' neighboring areas had a significant competitive advantage because of their lower transportation costs.
D.The temperatures and humidity.
6.Paragraph 4 supports the idea that the price of wheat more than doubled between 1845 and 1855 because
A.the price of corn nearly doubled during that same period.
B.demand for grain increased sharply outside the United States.
C.farmers in the Northeast and Midwest began to specialize in cash crops.
D.many farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase land and equipment for raising wheat.
7.The word "transformed" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.dominated.
B.changed.
C.improved.
D.created.
8.The word "erected" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.looked for.
B.lived on.
C.preferred.
D.built.
9.Why does author point out that "Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person"(paragraph 5)?
A.To provide a reason why people from the eastern woodlands of the United States were impressed when they saw the prairie.
B.To identify an obstacles to the development of the railroad lines fanning out from Chicago.
C.To explain why the transformation of the prairies by commercial agriculture was so remarkable.
D.To provide evidence supporting the claim that the prairies had fertile, deep black soil.
10.According to paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not farm open prairie land because
A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.
B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.
C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile than the soil of the open prairie.
D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlers arrived.
11.The word "surpluses" in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to
A.extra goods
B.commercial goods
C.unprocessed goods
D.transportable goods
12.According to paragraph 8, prairie farmers changed the landscape by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
A.Reducing annual fires.
B.Dividing the land into large, regularly-shaped lots.
C.Planting trees that eventually formed woodlots.
D.Fencing off their farms.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The problems were not limited to routes of transport.
The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. ■【A】In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. ■【B】But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. ■【C】Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot and humid warehouses. ■【D】Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.
14. Prose Summary
The huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United States during the 1850s had major economic and environmental effects.
A.Construction of new rail lines into the Midwest had been effectively stopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850 improved construction technology had made further advances possible.
B.Rail lines to Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get Midwestern goods to distant markets, while growing demand encouraged crop specialization and led to higher crop prices.
C.Because of the growing volume of traffic coming by rail from the Northeast and Midwest, the value of goods arriving in New Orleans for shipment to markets abroad increased dramatically.
D.Access to rail lines combined with the development of more-efficient farming equipment allowed e fertile land of the open prairies to be used for large-scale commercial agriculture.
E.Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were divided into large fenced fields.
F.Native Americans had grown corn on the prairies for years but had not produced large surpluses because the varieties they planted had far poorer yields than those introduced by commercial farmers.
托福阅读TPO33第2篇答案:铁路和商品化农业
1.否定细节题：定位句 By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track;对应 A 选项。定位句 Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains E over 2.000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.对应C选项，同时由于该句子中没有出 现有关Ohio and Illinois比较的相关信息.因此B选项错误。定位句then years later it had over 30,000 miles，more than the rest of the world combined. 对应D选项。
2.推断题：定位句The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home.意思是说因为铁路建设带动了经济，农民开始有钱了，于是就开始买手工制品了。因此就可以推断出，农民有钱了就有了买东西的欲望和需求。
3.bustling， 繁忙的，对应D。
4.细节题：定位句 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the legion's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855.意思是铁路的建设转移了西方贸易的方向，芝加哥成为了贸易中心，取代了原先的新奥尔良。因此答案是B。
5.细节题：Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.意思是说因为虽然货物本身的价值在增加，但是南部的市场份额却在下降，就暗示了越来越少人的人愿意通过该途径运货，即要么速度太慢要么成本太高。因此这道题的答案是B。
6.细节题：定位句A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented.国外的粮食需求猛增，然后该段最后出现的结果就是价格上升。
7.transform，变形，对应B。
8.erect，建立，对应D。
9.修辞目的题：定位句As railroad lilies fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production.该段的主旨：农民将肥沃的黑土投入生产中，题干中的信息是一个具体的例子，表明的是具体的产物。
10.细节题：定位句 Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie.原因是梨不能穿透草地，因此答案只可能是A。
11.surpluses，剩余，多余的东西，选A。
12.否定细节题：定位句 Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees.对应A选项。定位句The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern.对应D选项。定位句 The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms. each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots. and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more -irregular farms in the East, checkerboard pattern 棋盘格样式，对应B选项。C选项错在没有提到planting trees。
13.句子插入题：原句的意思是问题不仅局限在道路运输上，因此我们可以推 断出该句子的下一句应该会提到其他的问题，因此第三个方框满足要求。前面再讲水路问题，后面讲到了天气和湿度问题。插入的句子正好起到了承上启下的作用。
14.Access to rail lilies combined with the development of more - efficient fanning equipment allowed fertile land of the open prairies of the open prairies to be used for large - scale commercial agriculture.正确。对应第二、五段，铁路的发展带动经济，农民获得土地，改进农作用具，提高农作物的产量。
Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were decided into large fenced fields.正确。对应第八段主旨，农民通过各式各样的方法改变地貌，发展农业。
E正确。对应第三段主要内容 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the region's hub，linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.水利交通的没落和铁路运输的兴起。
2020年托福阅读官方评分标准相关文章：
