托福独立写作段落拓展之比较对比法
托福独立写作对于很多考生来说最难的不是立意，而是段落的拓展，很多考生想好了文章的结构却找不到合适的素材来拓展段落，造成文章空有骨架却没有血肉，在这里我们为大家推荐一种比较对比的方法。
托福独立写作段落拓展之比较对比法
首先，比起“例证法”的写作手法来说，“比较对比法”是一种相对难以上手的方法(因其对于语言多样性的要求)。然而，当同学们对词汇和句式替换技巧有一定掌握时，这种方法的优点就会逐一体现——文章统一性和语言多样性。统一性即是对严密逻辑的反映，而多样性即体现学生扎实的语言基础，也是对评分标准中“Details”(细节)这一项的良好补充。
那么，究竟要如何理解和精通“比较对比法”呢?以下我们就来详细解释。
一.学好比较对比，要先掌握因果推理
之前提到过，“比较对比法”能体现文章的统一性。Why? 因为“比较对比法”通常只是将前半段的“因果推理法”反过来再说一遍。我们以下题为例：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People who leave their native villages or towns tend to be happier and more successful than those who stay. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
通过头脑风暴中的万能理由法，同学们不难想到乡村小镇比起大城市的优点，如：风景美、污染少、压力轻和关系好等。
我们以风景美为例展开本段的“因果推理”。此时，同学们不难想到乡村小镇的风景优美无非在于更多的自然风光(natural landscape)、山水美景(mountains and waters)和没有钢筋丛林的束缚(a forest that requires no concrete)等。同时，也有同学从城市人眼中的事物出发，提出乡村没有拥挤的交通(freedom from traffic congestion)或者遮挡天空的高楼(the view-blocking skyscrapers)。这样，我们就能用简单的三到四句话将前半段的“因果推理”进行串联。
First and foremost, we are all aware that people who stay in their hometown could enjoy a better natural landscape than those who move out. (主题句)The reason seems to be obvious: local people could get a closer look on mountains and waters, and sometimes a forest that is not piled up with concrete or cement. At the same time, the freedom from a heavy traffic and the absence of view-blocking skyscrapers help people get away from the mental burdens bothering many of the city residents.
二.不变的逻辑，多变的语言
是时候把“因果推理”反过来说了，也就是城市人面对的糟糕风景和因此带来巨大压力。感受一下：“乡村风景beautiful，城市风景terrible.”是不是逻辑很统一(谈论的都是同一个话题的同一个角度)?这样就避免了同学们想到什么写什么而造成的“东一句西一句”的逻辑混乱。
But(总要有个但是)，这样写是不是很重复、很啰嗦?确实，越是无懈可击的逻辑越是听起来像是废话：“明天可能会下雨，也可能不会!”“我猜这孩子不是男孩儿，就是女孩儿!”“乡村的风景超好的，城市的风景超烂的!”
那么，我们如何在说废话的同时又让考官不心生厌烦呢?答案就是：同(反)义词替换和句式替换。
local people替换成city residents, urban dwellers, citizens...; natural landscape替换成the panorama of a city, city sites, urban views...; mountains and waters替换成domestic garbage and industrial wastes...
于是，我们的后半段“比较对比法”就变成了重要的事情说两遍的花样啰嗦大法!
Unlikely, urban dwellers are bound to suffer from a comparatively poorer views of cities, in which natural sites are turned into domestic garbage and industrial wastes. Still, adding to the already fidgeting mental state is the ever-intensifying pain of traffic congestion, which makes the lives of city residents more unbearable. So, it does make sense to argue that ... (重申文章主题句)
我们将这样的两个半段连续起来读一遍，你会发现我们始终没有偏离主题(前后说的意思完全一样)，但是语言的丰富变化又让人读起来不觉枯燥冗余。这样，统一性和多样性就同时做到了!
最后，同学们在阅读以上范文时不免心生抱怨：“我们哪有老师这样的改写能力啊?” 的确，“比较对比法”最大的困难就在于此，学生很难保证在考场上临场发挥出多样又正确的语言表达。但是“因果推理”加“比较对比”的段落组合是如此的完整和漂亮，以致它值得我们付出相应的努力去学会它。
同学们在准备和练习过程中能做的事情有以下三项：
1. 完成“因果推理”的写作后将已有的词汇输入电子词典，寻找其同、反义词(通常看到新词后你会有新的灵感和启发)。
托福综合写作的开头段模板
In this argument, the arguer concludes that ______. To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that______. In addition, the arguer reasons that_____.This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.
In this argument, the arguer recommends that_____.To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that ____. In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that _____. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.
In this analysis, the arguer claims that ____. To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example that____. In addition, the arguer assumes that ____. This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.
In this argument, the arguer advocates that ____. The recommendation is based on the observation that_____. Meanwhile, the arguer assumes that____. The argument is problematic for two reasons.
The conclusion in this argument is that_____. In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that _____.Moreover, the arguer assumes that_____. This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.
托福综合写作的结尾段模板
In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is in valid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that_____. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that_____. Otherwise, the arguer is simply begging the question throughout the argument.
To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts that_____. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning____.
As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that ____. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to _____.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning that_____.
In conclusion, the arguer fails to _____. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that____. To better evaluate the argument, we need more information about that____.
托福写作范文：大学生应当学习基础科学课程
写作题目
Do you agree or disagree with the statement: University students should be required to take basic science classes even if they are not part of the field of the study. 无论是什么专业的学生，大学生都应当学习基础的科学课程，是否认同?
写作范文
University courses lay a very solid academic foundation for the future development of college students. Facing the great selections of these courses, some people say that, basic science should be made compulsory for college students, for the reason that they could be more familiar with the advancement and evolution of human society. I disagree. I believe, despite minor merits, asking student of all majors to attend basic science classes would cause problems.
To begin with, science courses would put more academic pressure on students. College students have already had to study many theory and professional subjects related to their majors and their schedule is very tight. For example, a medical student is not only obliged to finish his professional papers for credit, but he also needs to find the opportunity to get clinical experience. His load is so heavy that he could not afford to take any irrelevant courses, such as basic science. In this case, schools should not add this course, because students would worry whether they could finish their homework on time and how they would pass final examinations.
Furthermore, a required science course would lead to unnecessary cost for parents and students. To guarantee the quality of lecturing, colleges have to hire talented and senior science professors and experts, such as those from the best-known universities or scientific research institutes. This would increase the cost of schooling. Normally, a lecture given by a famous science professor costs over 1,000 dollars. These costs would be reflected in the tuition fee, and would deprive many underprivileged students of an opportunity for education.
Admittedly, taking basic science courses does have its merits. As a subject aiming to explain how the universe exits, basic science broaden student’s range of knowledge and enhance their analytical skills. Students could gain a deep understanding about the world they live in. Lots of methods to solve problems will be gained through basic science. However, this knowledge could be acquired by other method other than required courses. TV documentaries and books are all available options for student to learn basic science.
In conclusion, although there are some small benefits to requiring basic science courses, making every college student attend such classes would overburden the students both academically and financially.
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