托福写作题型简介及备考策略

楚薇分享 2022-07-28 14:39:58

托福写作有分为独立写作和综合写作两个部分，需要我们将写作模板牢记于心，才能得到高分。今天小编就来和大家分享一下独立写作的题型简介以及备考策略，希望对大家有帮助！　

托福写作题型简介及备考策略

托福写作题型简介及备考策略——独立写作

1 托福独立写作介绍

1.1 典型问法

托福独立写作部分(the Independent Writing Task)为新托福写作试题的第二个部分，要求考生针对某个问题提出自己的论点并展开，考试时间为30分钟。这种题目的典型问法为：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

[A sentence or sentences that present an issue appear here]

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

1.2 评分原则和评分标准

评分原则：

从2010年1月开始，iBT写作评分系统做出重大改革。由原来的两位阅卷者独立阅卷给分，两个分数的算术平均值为原始分，改为一个阅卷人和一个电脑评分系统(E-Rater)分别给分。其中，E-Rater负责Linguistic feature(语言因素)，即语法，句法和结构;人工负责文章内容和含义;两部分相加，即为考生的作文原始分。而最终的分数则与原始分所占的百分比(Percentile)相关：比如30分对应97.9%，即只有2.1%的人得到了满分。

评分标准：

Score 5: An essay as this level largely accomplishes all of the following:

Effectively addresses the topic and task;

Is well-organized and well-developed, using clearly appropriate explanation, exemplifications, and/or details;

Display unity, progression and coherence;

Display consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.

评分标准解读：

阅卷人会从考生是否切题，如何展开论点，如何组织文章结构和语言运用四个方面评估考生的文章。

是否切题：考生不能跑题，答非所问;

展开论点：考生一定要提供足够的事例，细节，理由来支持观点;不要仅为了增加文章字数而堆砌冗长无意义的词或句子，却没有针对论点展开论述;

文章结构：如果一篇文章能够展现统一，渐进和连贯，读者就能毫无障碍地流畅的阅读;避免逻辑断层，累赘，离题偏题和条理不清晰的衔接，这些都会造成阅读障碍，影响得分。

语言运用：如果考生作文句子简单，词汇量有限，没有体现多样性，分数不会超过3分;但是托福写作并不要求学生写fancy words，即高级深奥的词汇;单词，无论难易，准确即可;所以考生也无需故意生搬硬套SAT或GRE单词，一旦使用不当，造成文章晦涩难懂，那就得不偿失了。

2 托福独立写作备考策略

乍看托福独立写作评分标准，很多同学都会觉得高深头疼，无从下手;但实际上在所有的国外英语考试中，与GRE，SAT和IELTS相比，托福独立写作是题目最简单最好理解且对于文章思维深度要求最低的。只需有一个科学的备考策略，做好计划，按部就班的完成，高分指日可待。

Step 1 输入

任何输出性的技能都是以输入作为前提。巧妇难为无米之炊，没有丰富的词汇和语言积累，好作文永远都是空中楼阁。那输入什么呢?

首先，写作常用短语。背单词对于写作口语这种输出型测试是无意义的。原因很简单：英语单词变化多端，我们经常会看到单词书上一个单词三种词性，十种中文翻译;更可怕的是，因为中英文思维差异，单词书上中文翻译也很难解释英文单词真正的含义。所以很多同学刻苦拿下托福单词甚至更难的SAT或GRE单词，阅读单词量上万，但是真到出手写作文时，还是无从下笔，捉襟见肘。而写作短语则变化较少，并且自带固定搭配，与中文翻译更容易形成一对一的映射，所以背写作常用短语对于造句子才是立竿见影。

比如短语“put a heavy strain on”中文翻译为“施加巨大压力”。有了这个短语，翻译如下句子易如反掌：“移民数量的增加给公共交通施加了巨大压力”;“过多的家庭作业给孩子们施加了巨大的学习压力”。即：“The increasing number of immigrants has put a heavy strain on public transit.”;“Excessive school assignments put a heavy academic strain on students.”有了一定量的短语积累，造句子只需要换头换尾，so easy。

其次：写作常用思路。众所周知，托福独立写作的一大特点就是话题涵盖面极广，按素材能够分出数十种类型，教育，工作，政府，环境，科技，娱乐，交友，成功，电影电视，广告，古今对比都可能化身独立写作题目。面对这些令人眼花缭乱的分类，同学们也无需惊慌，实际上，托福题目可以变，但是总有一些不变应万变的思路，可以轻松套用到很多同类题目中。

比如对于“Do you agree or disagree the following statement? College students should take part-time jobs before they graduate.”即，“大学生是否应该在在校期间做兼职”这道题目，我们可以选择同意，给出第一个理由Through taking part-time jobs, students can better identify where their true interest lies. 通过做兼职，大学生们可以更好地发现自己真正兴趣所在。成段如下：

Through taking part-time jobs, students can better identify where their true interest lies. Personal experience informs me that university students tend to have little knowledge of what the real world is like and what people in each job will do. At this case, if they are forced to make a choice about their future careers without the opportunity to get in touch with the real world, they may finally end up in a job that does not interest them and even bores them. In this sense, it would be best for college students to expose themselves to the world outside schools by taking part-time jobs. Only through this way can students develop a more comprehensive knowledge of what each job is mainly about and therefore make an informed choice about future career.

中文翻译：通过兼职工作，学生可以更好地找出自己真正兴趣所在。个人经验告诉我，大学生往往对现实世界和从事各种工作的人每天都在做什么所知甚少。在这种情况下，如果他们被迫直接选择自己未来的职业而没有机会接触现实，他们可能最终选择一个他们不感兴趣的甚至让他们厌烦的工作。在这个意义上，大学生最好做兼职，接触学校以外的世界。只有这样，他们才会对每种不同的工作有更好的理解，对于未来的职业做出更明智的选择。

我们再仔细观察如下几道题：

“Colleges and universities should offer job preparation before students start to work.”

“People should try different kinds of jobs before they decide their future careers”

“Students should spend a year on traveling or working before they go to colleges or universities.”

“Some universities require students to take courses in various subjects while others require students to specialize in one particular field. Which one do you prefer? ”

题目虽然不尽相同，但是做题目中那件事可以让孩子们知道自己该做什么职业或者该学什么专业都可以作为一个分论点，并且上一段文字也只需微调一下关键词，即可照搬到新的题目中。

所以同学们在平常的积累中，一定要多思考，我们已经背过写过的一些文章和思路是不是也可以跟上一段一样，套用到很多貌似不相关的题目中，这样才能事半功倍，四两拨千斤。做最少的功，达到最好的效果。

Step 2 输出

有了充足的输入作为前戏，我们就要开始输出，即练习了。练习同样是写作提高中不可缺少的一环，光说不练永远都是假把式。那怎么练习?步骤如下：

1)限时30分钟，无辅助，在text中写第一遍。

2)把text中的原始版作文，拷贝到word里，逐字逐句修改拼错的单词和语法，并美化每个句子。

3)找专业老师修改。

4)总结自己的常犯错误，建立自己的常犯错误列表。

以上四步，相辅相成缺一不可。

首先，一定要限时写。这样考生们才能知道自己在5分钟，10分钟，20分钟，25分钟时需要分别完成哪些内容才能保证他们能在30分钟内顺利写完一篇文章。这样，考生们才能从容应对将来真正的考试。练习如考试般严格，考试才能如练习般轻松。

而在text中完成是为了降低同学们对于word强大单词纠错功能的依赖。真正的托福考试中，没有软件可以帮我们及时纠正拼错的单词，而单词拼写错误过多，很可能影响考官流畅的阅读，导致低分。

第二，自己修改作文。千万不要写一篇扔一篇，那样写一百篇也只能停留在原来的水平。修改的过程才是提高的过程，每一处的改动都是一种升华，把一篇文章修改十遍，改到自己每句话都满意，考生们才会获得实质性的提高。

第三，专业老师修改。学生的能力毕竟是有限的，所以他们需要一个老师去帮助他们发现一些漏网的语法错误和逻辑问题，力保每篇写过的文章都是完美。

第四，总结才有提高。犯错在很多时候都不是源于考生不会或者不懂，而是源于一种习惯。怎么改掉这些坏习惯，只能靠总结。总结的越多，印象就越深刻，下次才不会重蹈覆辙。

托福独立写作范文：出国读书

托福独立写作题目:出国读书

Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home counties. Why do some students study abroad? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

托福独立写作范文：

Studying in one’s home country offers unique benefits. For example, the home country provides best education in some subjects that other countries do not offer. However, it is important to study overseas for at least part of one’s higher education. By studying abroad, students can acquire a new language, get to know another culture, and pursue good programs.

The most obvious advantage of studying overseas is learning a new language. It is important to be bilingual or even multilingual nowadays. For example, international communication is essential for our global economy. For many students who choose to study in English-speaking countries, they can easily pick up English if they are actively engaged in speaking English. Even for those who have had a good grasp of English in reading and writing, they can still improve their spoken English after exposure to an English-speaking environment.

As important as learning a new language is becoming acquainted with a new culture. Cultures differ from one another and they are even diametrically opposite on some points. By studying overseas, students become familiar with other ways of life and learn to respect them. For example, to students from some cultures, privacy is a relatively new concept. The students may choose to tell their course grades to their classmates in the foreign country and ask them for similar information. In turn, they may feel disappointed or even shocked to receive no answer and be told that this is privacy. After a while, however, they have a better understanding of the concept of pervasive privacy in the foreign country.

Last but not least, we are able to undertake excellent programs in the foreign country where we choose to study. Some programs may not be available in the students’ home country. For example, a student who is interested in American literature may find that no university in his or her country offers this program. Other programs are available in the students’ home country but not on a par with similar programs in a foreign country. This can be illustrated by MBA programs of American universities. A number of counties offer MBA programs, but many think that American universities offer the best MBA programs. This accounts for the fact that the majority of MBA holders have obtained the degree from American universities.

Studying abroad can be rewarding. Not only can students acquire a new language and know more about a different culture, but they can pursue excellent programs as well. Indeed, studying in a foreign country is a worthwhile experience.

托福备考之独立写作题目练习

同不同意：Some people think that 最重要的品质 in choosing the leader of a school organization or club is 诚实.

Leaders of all kinds should have lots of qualities in order to thrive together with the team. Persistence, passion, confidence and personal charisma, to name a few. When it comes to question of whether honesty is the most important qualities of all for a leader in a student organization, I, personally, would say honesty is definitely not the most important even though it is a contributing factor for a qualified leader and there are other qualities that are more urgent than being honest.

First off, being a good listener and able to communicate well with fellow members can be more important than being honest. Only when a leader sits down and listens patiently to problems and concerns of his or her members, can he or she become an effective leader in a student organization. Also, being an effective communicator can also be equally important since it is essential to convey emotions and ideas clearly to others, and when the leader get his or her ideas across to the fellow members, it enjoys a better chance to be implemented. A leader with exceptional communication skills is very confidence and personable when they are interacting with others. Since they can grab the listeners' attention, it is very easy for them to build rapport with strangers and thus they enjoy better chance to broaden their social networks.

Additionally, it is more essential for leaders of student organizations to be compassionate about the community and set exemplars for their fellow members than just being honest. Actually, lots responsibilities of student leaders involve various volunteer programs and philanthropic activities, if leaders of students body are not committed to getting involved in charitable activities, there will be a lack of energy level and passion among his or her fellow members. To be more specific, students organizations involved in lots of volunteer activities, like collecting food, managing the inventory and distributing food to those in need. They also volunteer in homeless shelters to prepare food or even work behind the scene in the business office. If leaders are motivated to take the initiative and contribute their time and other resources to the community in the first place, chances are that his or her members would follow suit.

In all, students leaders should have more important qualities other than being honest like excellent communication skills, compassion about their community and dedication to their endeavors.