如何看懂一家公司的资产负债表

　　上市公司的年报或季报，都会包括以下几种表：资产负债表、损益表和现金流量表。巴菲特 (Warren Buffett) 说透过阅读财务报表，希望尽可能了解公司在三年、五年、十年后的盈利能力，大多数人都知道，巴菲特最先阅读的是损益表，以此来分析公司的盈利能力。但请特别注意，巴菲特说“我比大多数人更关注公司的资产负债表。”下面是小编为您收集整理的如何看懂一家公司的资产负债表，供大家参考!

　　如何看懂一家公司的资产负债表

　　How many times have you flipped to the back of a company's annual report or 10-K and found yourself blankly staring at dozens, or even hundreds, of pages of numbers and tables?

　　你有多少次直接翻到一家公司的年终报告或10-K表格的最后，结果发现自己盯着几十页甚至几百页的数字和表格都懵了?

　　You know that these should be important to your investment decision, but you're not quite sure what they mean or where to begin.

　　你知道这些对你的投资决定很重要，却不太懂这些都是什么意思或者该从哪儿开始。

　　When you are looking at numbers like these, there's a good chance you are looking at a company's balance sheet.

　　你看到这样的数字时，很可能看到的是该公司的资产负债表。

　　What is a balance sheet? Why does it matter? Why are professional investors so obsessed with studying it, and even more importantly, how are they able to use that analysis to reduce their portfolio risk and make better, safer decisions when it comes to putting their own money to work?

　　什么是资产负债表?它为什么重要?为什么专业投资人都如此痴迷于研究它呢?甚至更重要的是，他们怎么能使用这些数据分析来减少投资风险，在把自己的钱投出去的时候能做出更好更安全的决策呢?

　　In this investing lesson, I'm going to help you answer some of those questions by teaching you the basics of balance sheet analysis.

　　今天这节投资课，我要教给你，用资产负债表分析的基础知识来解答你这些疑问中的一部分。

　　Smart investors have always known that financial statements are among the keys to understanding a company.

　　聪明的投资人都知道财务报表是理解一家公司的关键之一。

　　The balance sheet, especially when reviewed in conjunction with the other accounting records and disclosures, can warn of many potential problems.

　　尤其是把资产负债表和其他会计记录以及披露信息综合在一起评估时，它才能给你一些潜在问题的警告。

　　When used correctly, it can help you determine what a business is really "worth."

　　如能正确使用，还能帮你确定一个投资产品是否真“值得”投。

　　By deciding that you are going to read this lesson, you have taken the first step on the road towards financial statement fluency.

　　你决定要上这一课就是朝着熟知财务报表迈出了第一步。

　　The Role of the Balance Sheet In the Financial Statements

　　资产负债表在财务报表中的作用

　　For every business, there are three important financial statements you must examine:

　　对于每一个投资产品而言，都有三个你必须要看的重要的财务报表：

　　•The Balance Sheet - The balance sheet tells investors how much money a company or institution has (assets), how much it owes (liabilities), and what is left when you net the two together (net worth, book value, or shareholder equity). In this lesson, we are going to learn to analyze a balance sheet.

　　•资产负债表——资产负债表告诉投资者一家公司或机构有多少钱(资产)、欠多少钱(负债)、二者加一起剩多少(净值、账面价值或股东权益)。这一课我们要学会分析资产负债表。

　　•The Income Statement - The income statement is a record of the company's profitability. It tells you how much money a corporation made (or lost).

　　•损益表——损益表记录公司收益，告诉你公司赚(或亏)多少钱。

　　•The Cash Flow Statement - The cash flow statement is a record of the actual changes in cash compared to the income statement. It shows you where the cash was brought in and where the cash was disbursed.

　　•现金流量表——相比损益表，现金流量表记录现金的实际变化，体现现金流入来源和去向。

　　Accounting is the language of business and these three financial statements, the balance sheet among them, are the report card. From the balance sheet, we can learn:

　　会计是一种商业语言，这三种财务报表包括其中的资产负债表是成绩单。从资产负债表中我们能了解到：

　　•How much debt the business has relative to its equity

　　•相对于权益该产品有多少负债

　　•How quickly customers are paying their bills.

　　•客户支付账单的速度

　　•Whether short-term cash is declining or increasing.

　　•短期现金正在减少还是增加

　　•The percentage of assets that are tangible (factories, plants, machinery) and how much comes from accounting transactions.

　　•有形资产(工厂、车间、机器)比重以及有多少来自财务交易

　　•Whether products are being returned at higher-than-average historical rates.

　　•产品返厂率是否高于历史平均比率。

　　•How many days it takes, on average, to sell the inventory the business keeps on hand.

　　•该公司卖出手里的库存平均要多少天。

　　•Whether the research and development budget is producing good results.

　　•产品研发预算是否花得其所

　　•Whether the interest coverage ratio on the bonds is declining.

　　•债券利息补偿率是否在下降

　　•The average interest rate a company is paying on its debt.

　　•公司还债的平均利率

　　•Where profits are being spent or reinvested.

　　•赚得的利润花在哪儿或重新投在哪儿

　　长三角地区引领中国空港经济

　　A report on the comprehensive competitiveness of China’s airport economic zones shows that the Shanghai airport economic zone outshines its rivals Beijing and Guangzhou.

　　一份关于中国空港经济区综合竞争力的报告显示，上海空港经济区的综合竞争力超过了北京和广州。

　　The "Yangtze River Delta Airport City Index Research Report,” released on Monday by Wang Xuedong, a special researcher at the Urban Development Research Institute of Fudan University, focuses on hub airports, hinterland economies, the airport industry, and the comprehensive transportation system as four major elements.

　　这份报告名为《长三角空港城市指数研究报告》，由复旦大学城市发展研究院特聘研究员王学东发布，以枢纽机场、腹地经济、空港产业和综合交通体系作为四大要素。

　　It made a quantitative evaluation of 33 cities by selecting 19 representatives and quantifiable indicators.

　　通过选取具有代表性和可量化的19个子项指标，报告对33个城市进行了量化评价。

　　All the cities selected had to meet one of three conditions: a passenger throughput of more than 10 million passengers in 2017, have a national airport economic demonstration zone, or be one of the five major cities in the Yangtze River Delta region.

　　这33个入选城市满足了如下三个条件之一：2017年客流吞吐量超过1000万人次、拥有国家级空港经济示范区、或为长三角地区五大城市之一。

　　Four of the five major cities (Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo and Hefei) in the Yangtze River delta are among the first 16 cities of China’s airport economic zones.

　　长三角地区五大城市五大城市(上海、杭州、南京、宁波和合肥)中，有4个是中国首批16个空港经济区城市。

　　Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, as China’s four first-tier cities, have an overall advantage in the development of airport economic zones, according to the report.

　　报告称，北上广深作为中国四大一线城市，其空港经济区发展都占据全面优势。

　　Chongqing, Chengdu, Zhengzhou and Xi ’an — cities in the central and western regions — are showing momentum, relying on rapid growth, comprehensive strength, hinterland economies and airport industries.

　　而重庆、成都、郑州、西安作为中西部城市，依托快速增长的城市综合实力、广阔的经济腹地以及较强的空港产业水平，发展势头强劲。