雅思阅读模拟题：经济进化论
雅思模拟试题在雅思备考过程中所起的作用不可小觑，通过模拟练习题，我们可以很直接地了解到自己的备考状况，从而可以更有针对性地进行之后的复习。学习啦为大家准备了雅思阅读模拟题：经济进化论.希望以下内容能够对大家的雅思备考有所帮助!
雅思阅读模拟题：经济进化论
Economic Evolution
A Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.
B How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.
C In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased “survive” and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.
D As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur. But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation” in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.
E Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will." In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful village—that would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.
F Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" is. Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement if false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.
No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.
Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.
Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.
Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.
Questions 6-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?
A a strict rule
B a smart strategy
C a tightly managed authority
D a powerful legislation
7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economics
A an official announcement
B a diplomatic event
C the exchange of goods
D certain written correspondence
E some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation
Questions 9-13
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.
雅思阅读文章来源有哪些?文章结构有哪些?
一、雅思阅读题源有哪些
我们知道雅思阅读文章都是考官从世界著名的网站、报刊、杂志等上挑选出来，再精心改编而成的。所以，如果同学们发现剑桥做完，找不到合适的阅读文章的话，可以浏览一下题源里的文章。
雅思阅读常见的题源有New Scientist，这个网站是考官最青睐的;The Economist很多社会经济类的文章都是从这里选取的;American Scientist和Scientific American更加侧重科学类的文章;National Geographic多是雅思G类阅读的题源文章。更多雅思阅读题源请参考雅思阅读备考要多浏览一下题源文章
雅思阅读题源文章的备考方法：首先就是对文章进行一个快速的阅读，了解文章大意、段落主旨，弄清文章结构和逻辑顺序;然后就是细读文章，分类总结一下文章中出现的高频词汇或者不认识的词组，可以在零碎时间多记忆多背诵，提高大家的基础能力;最后，就是将文章进行一下分类，看看相同题材的文章都是怎么谋篇布局的，同时再次巩固拓展了这类题材的背景知识。同学们不要小看背景知识，它对大家做题大有帮助。至于具体的分类方法，大家可以参考一下雅思阅读背景知识如何分类
二、雅思阅读文章结构有哪些
我们都知道，雅思阅读文章结构常见的就那么几种，如果了解这几类文章结构，那么做题时遇到类似的文章，就可以快速掌握它们的结构，提高大家的做题速度。那么，雅思阅读文章结构该如何掌握呢?
雅思阅读文章主要分为两大类——说明文和议论文。说明文顾名思义主要就是介绍说明类的文章。议论文包括两种结构类型的文章：问题解决类和实验结果类。这三类文章的结构特点是：
介绍说明类文章主要包括三个部分：第一部分引出一个概念或者现象;第二部分讲述历史渊源、阐述现在的概念;第三部分就是结论，可以是对前面的内容进行概括或者展望未来。问题解决类的文章第一部分引出一个话题或者一个问题;第二部分对这个问题进行回顾，然后分析产生的原因，找出其他的证据来论述自己的观点;第三部分多为一些建议。实验结果类的文章第一部分多是阐述实验的目的;第二部分为实验的对象、条件、过程及结果的阐述;第三部分就是对结果进行一些分析。想要更为具体的了解三类文章，大家可以参考雅思阅读文章的三类精品结构
雅思阅读备考的四个原则
一，充分了解自己
充分了解自己是考生在备考雅思阅读的时候要遵守的第一条原则，因为考生只有意识到自己的英语水平，这样才能、决定在雅思阅读备考上要投入多少精力。还要了解自己的细节情况，才能制定贴身的学习计划，决定自己要重点突破的方向。
有些考生在不知不觉中养成了不太科学的学习习惯。比如：白天的学习效率没有夜晚高——这很危险，因为雅思在白天考。有些考生做阅读理解要借助电子词典——这也不行，会掩盖自己词汇量的欠缺。有些考生平时做题从来不检查。凡此种.种，一定要及早发现，及早改进。
二，勤于基础积累
积累基础是雅思阅读备考原则中最为重要的一条，因为雅思阅读考试考的是大家的语言应用能力，没有基础，何谈应用?而且重要的是要积累基础语法知识。语法尽管在雅思阅读考试中不直接考察，但阅读离不开扎实的语法基础。考生应在语法复习中要培养概念意识和考点意识。扎实的语法基础是理解文章的重要保证。其次要积累核心词汇和词组。雅思词汇书应该随身携带，以便可以随时抽空背诵。
三，注重做题过程
雅思阅读备考中，考生应该特别注重雅思做题的过程，尤其是雅思各种题型的做题的过程和方法，不断练习从而找到最适合自己的做题方法和过程。并且在平时的练习中总结方法，做好笔记，加强对雅思考试的理解，更好的适应考试的强度和难度
四，培养英语思维习惯
培养英语思维习惯是中最为核心的一条原则。对于想在雅思考试中取得高分的同学来说，养成英语思维的习惯必不可少。阅读英语文章时不能先把文章翻译成汉语，再进行理解。阅读过程中对信息的捕获、处理是和阅读同时发生的。英语思维习惯的培养不可一蹴而就，须日积月累。要抓住一切训练的时机，要给自己足够的耐心。
雅思阅读的考点分类
雅思阅读题的考点分两大类，对词汇的掌握和对文章整体的理解。
首先，雅思阅读中最重要的考点之一就是考生的词汇掌握情况。其中包括同义近义词(Paraphrasing)的转换、识别能力，以及对一词多义的掌握程度。
雅思阅读文章常常会有许多专业词汇，但专业词汇大多都是文章载体或作为定位词存在，绝不会以考点的形式存在，考的是都是一些常用的高频词汇。
一词多义也是雅思阅读对词汇的一个考点。比如在剑5 Johnson’s Dictionary一文的题目中就出现过shade一词，除了表示荫凉处之外，它还有表示微小、细微的意思，原文正是取了shade的第二种也是考生不太知道的意思，在文章中和subtlety进行了替换。
同义近义转换，可能是词与词之间、短语和短语之间，也可能是句子与句子之间的。想要能更好地熟悉和把握这些词汇，重在日常积累。新东方在线网络课堂雅思老师建议大家在做完练习之后，把文中特别是真题中的文章和题目中出现的同义近义转化进行对比分析，整理成文以便复习，一词多义也是同样的道理。长此以往，一定会对题目中的考点词相当熟悉和敏感，快速把题目信息和文章内容对应起来。
其次，雅思阅读的第二大考点是考查考生对文章、对问题的结构和内容的整体把握及应用能力。
从真题中我们可以发现，绝大多细节题是可以通过定位词直接定位的，但是也有部分题目定位词并不明显。遇到后面这种情况，建议考生应该立即改变解题策略，从文章结构上下功夫，通过文章内容的组织特点和题目意思进行定位。文章性质决定文章结构。雅思阅读文章的学术性虽然决定了它的深度，但另一方面也决定了相对固定的文章结构。因为学术是严谨的，在形式上它有一套严格的规范，如果能准确把握各类文章的布局思路和特点的话，必能举一反三，事半功倍。
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