英语疑问句语法解析(2)
英语疑问句语法解析：反义疑问句的回答及特殊情况
对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。
例：—He likes playing football, doesn't he? 他喜欢踢足球，是吗?
—Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't. 是的。/ 不是。
—His sister didn't attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗?
—Yes, she did. / No, she didn't. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。
简要总结反意疑问句19条：
1) 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
英语疑问句语法解析：反意疑问句的三种基本结构
结构一：肯定的陈述句 + 否定的简短问句?
It's Monday today, isn't it? 今天星期一，是吗?
He often goes to school by bike, doesn't he? 他常常骑自行车上学，对吗?
They went to the park yesterday, didn't they? 他们昨天去的公园，是吗?
用法说明：前面陈述部分是肯定形式，后面简短问句用否定形式。简短问句的主谓部分通常由陈述部分的主谓语来决定，即人称一致、时态一致。
对于反意疑问句的回答，总的一个原则是：不管问题的提法如何，只要事实上是肯定的，就用 yes 回答，事实上是否定的，就用 no回答。但当陈述部分是否定句时，回答译成汉语时不一样。这与汉语截然不同，应特别注意。如：
—You don't want to go out, do you? 你不想出去，对吧?
—Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 不，我想出去。/ 对，我不想出去。
结构二：否定的陈述句 + 肯定定的简短问句?
That isn't your book, is it? 那不是你的书，是吗?
Jim doesn't speak French, does he? 吉姆不会说法语，对吗?
用法说明：当陈述部分有 hardly, seldom, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere 等否定词时，疑问部分要用肯定形式。如：
He never said she would come, did he? 他从来没说她会来，是吗?
Nobody can answer the question, can they? 没有人能回答这个问题，是吗?
Few people know about it, do they? 几乎没有人知道有关这件事情，是吗?
You have never seen the film, have you? 你从来没看过这部电影，是吗?
Neither you nor I can work it out, can we? 你我都不能算出它，对吗?
结构三：祈使句 + 简短问句?
Stop talking, will you? 停止讲话，好吗?
Pass me the pen, will you / won't you? 把这支钢笔传给我，好吗?
Don't be late again, will you? 不要再迟到了，行吗?
Let us help you, will you? 让我们帮助你，好吗?
Let's have a rest, shall we? 咱们休息一会儿，行吗?
用法说明：
1. 祈使句的反意疑问句，若前面是否定结构，则附加问句只能用 will you。若前面是肯定结构，附加问句用 will you，也可用 won't / would / can / can't you 或 shall we 等，它形式上是反意疑问句，但并不表示正式的疑问句，也不表示反意，而是表示邀请或表示请求。如：
Close all the windows, will you / won't you? 把所有的窗户都关上，好吗?
Don't go to the park by bus, will you? 别乘公共汽车去公园，好吗?
2. let's 用于提出建议并包括对方时，其附加问句用 shall we。let us 表示征求对方许可，其附加问句用 will you。let + 第三人称时，其附加问句用 will you。这种反意疑问句往往用来表示进一步征求对方的意见，使口气变得客气、委婉一些。如：
Let's go to see the pandas, shall we? 咱们首先去看熊猫，好吗?
Let us wait until 5:00, will you? 让我们等到5点，好吗?
英语疑问句语法解析：包含情态动词的反意疑问句
1. 基本原则
在通常情况下，当陈述部分含有情态动词时，反意疑问句会重复前面同样的情态动词：
The boy can read and write, can't he? 这男孩会读写，是吗?
We shouldn't help him, should we? 我们不应该帮助他，对吗?
You couldn't lend me any money, could you? 你不会借钱给我，对吗?
2. 当陈述部分含有must时
要分两种情况：
(1) 若must表示“必须”或“有必要”，反意疑问句用 mustn't 或needn't：
You must leave at once, mustn't [needn't] you? 他必须(有必要)马上离开，是吗?
但是若陈述部分有mustn't表示禁止，反意疑问句要must：
You mustn't laugh, must you? 你不准笑，知道吗?
(2) 若must表示推测，反意疑问句不能用must，而应根据must后的动词结构采用相应的动词形式：
He must be tired, isn't he? 他一定累了，是吗?
He must have read it, hasn't [didn't] he? 他一定读过它，是吗?
He must have left yesterday, didn't he? 他昨天一定走了，是吗?
【注】当陈述部分为“must+完成式”时，反意疑问句可用have (has)，也可用did。但若句中出现了过去时间状语，则通常用did。(如上例所示)
3. 当陈述部分含有 may 时
反意疑问句根据情况可用mayn't, mightn't, won't等：
I may leave now, mayn't I? 我可以走了，行吗?
He may be here next week, mightn't [won't] he? 他下星期可能来这里，是吗?
4. 当陈述部分含有needn't时
反意疑问句通常用need，有时也用must：
We needn't tell him, need [must] we? 我们不必告诉他，对吗?
5. 当陈述部分含有ought to时
反意疑问句在英国英语中用ought to，在美国英语中用should：
We ought to leave early, oughtn't [shouldn't] we? 我们应该早点动身，对不对?
