中国古诗词的英文翻译
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中国古诗词的英文翻译品析
《孙子兵法---作战篇》
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮。则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。
其用战也胜，久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者，不能善其后矣。故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。
善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫;近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，财竭则急于丘役。力屈、财殚，中原内虚其家，百姓之费，十去其七;公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄矢弩，戟楯蔽橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。
故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟;[艹+忌]杆一石，当吾二十石。
故杀敌者，怒也;取敌之利者，货也。故车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者，而更其旌旗，车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。
故兵贵胜，不贵久。
故知兵之将，生民之司命，国家安危之主也。
Waging War
Sun Wu
In operations of war — when one thousand fast four-horse chariots, one thousand heavychariots, and one thousand mail-clad soldiers are required; when provisions are transported fora thousand li; when there are expenditures at home and at the front, and stipends forentertainment of envoys and advisers — the cost of materials such as glue and lacquer, andof chariots and armor, will amount to one thousand pieces of gold a day. One hundredthousand troops may be dispatched only when this money is in hand.
A speedy victory is the main object in war. If this is long in coming, weapons are blunted andmorale depressed. If troops are attacking cities, their strength will be exhausted. When thearmy engages in protracted campaigns, the resources of the state will fall short. When yourweapons are dulled and ardor dampened, your strength exhausted and treasure spent, thechieftains of the neighboring states will take advantage of your crisis to act. In that case, noman, however wise, will be able to avert the disastrous consequences that ensue. Thus, whilewe have heard of stupid haste in war, we have not yet seen a clever operation that wasprolonged. For there has never been a protracted war which benefited a country. Therefore,those unable to understand the evils inherent in employing troops are equally unable tounderstand the advantageous ways of doing so.
Those adept in waging war do not require a second levy of conscripts or more that twoprovisionings. They carry military equipment from the homeland, but rely on the enemy forprovisions. Thus, the army is plentifully provided with food.
When a country is impoverished by military operations, it is due to distant transportation;carrying supplies for great distances renders the people destitute. Where troops are gathered,prices go up. When prices rise, the wealth of the people is drained away. When wealth isdrained away, the people will be afflicted with urgent and heavy exactions. With this loss ofwealth and exhaustion of strength the households in the country will be extremely poor andseven-tenths of their wealth dissipated. As to government expenditures, those due to broken-down chariots, worn-out horses, armor and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields,protective mantlets, draft oxen, and wagons will amount to 60 percent of the total.
Hence, a wise general sees to it that his troops feed on the enemy, for one zhong of theenemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own and one shi of the enemy's fodder totwenty shi of one's own.
In order to make the soldiers courageous in overcoming the enemy, they must be roused toanger. In order to capture more booty from the enemy, soldiers must have their rewards.
Therefore, in chariot fighting when more than ten chariots are captured, reward those who takethe first. Replace the enemy's flags and banners with you own, mix the captured chariots withyours, and mount them. Treat the prisoners of war well, and care for them. This is called'winning a battle and becoming stronger.'
Hence, what is valued in war is victory, not prolonged operations. And the general whounderstands how to employ troops is the minister of the people's fate and arbiter of thenation's destiny.
经典的中国古诗词的英文翻译
《孙子兵法---谋攻篇》
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之;全军为上，破军次之;全旅为上，破旅次之;全卒为上，破卒次之;全伍为上，破伍次之。是故百战百胜，非善之善也;不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。
故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法为不得已。修橹轒辒 具器械、三月而后成，距闉，又三月而后已。将不胜其忿，而蚁附之，杀士三分之一而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。
故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下，
故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。
故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。
夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。
故君之所以患于军者三：
不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是为縻军;
不知三军之事而同三军之政者，则军士惑矣;
不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。
三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣，是谓乱军引胜。
故知胜有五：
知可以战与不可以战者胜;
识众寡之用者胜;
上下同欲者胜;
以虞待不虞者胜;
将能而君不御者胜。
此五者，知胜之道也。
故曰：知己知彼，百战不贻;不知彼而知己，一胜一负;不知彼不知己，每战必贻。
Attacking by Stratagem
Sun Wu
Sunzi said:
Generally in war, the best policy is to take the enemy state whole and intact, to destroy it is not. To have the enemy's army surrender in its entirety is better than to crush it; likewise, to take a battalion, a company or a five-man squad intact is better than to destroy it. Therefore, to fight a hundred battles and win each and every one of them is not the wisest thing to do. To break the enemy's resistance without fighting is.
Thus, the best policy in war is to thwart the enemy's strategy. The second best is to disrupt his alliances through diplomatic means. The third best is to attack his army in the field. The worst policy of all is to attack walled cities.
Attack a walled city only when there is no alternative. For it takes at least three months to make mantlets and shielded vehicles ready and prepare the necessary arms and equipment; for it takes another three months to build the earthen mounds for soldiers to ascend the walls. The commander who loses his impatience orders his troops to assault like swarming ants, with the result that one third of his men are slain and the city remain untaken. Such is the calamity of attacking walled cities.
Therefore, he who is skilled in war subdues the enemy's army without fighting. He captures the enemy's cities without assaulting them. He overthrows the enemy kingdom without prolonged operations in the field. By taking all under heaven with his "whole and intact strategy," he wins total victory without wearing out his troops. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.
Consequently, the art of using troops is: when you outnumber the enemy ten to one, surround him; when five to one, attack him; when two to one, divide him; and if equally matched, stand up to him. (tr.: Another version of the text reads "when two to one, stand up to him; and if equally matched, divide him.") If you are fewer than the enemy in number, retreat. If you are no match for him, try to elude him. For no matter how stubbornly a small force may fight, it must in the end succumb to greater strength and fall captive to it.
The commander is the country's bulwark. His proficiency in war can make the country strong, his deficiency makes it weak.
There are three ways by which a sovereign may bring disaster to his army:
One, he arbitrarily orders his army to advance or retreat when in fact it should not, thus hampering the initiative of the army.
Two, he interferes with the administration of the army when he is ignorant of its internal affairs, thus causing confusion among the officers and men.
Three, he interferes with the officers' command, unaware of the principle that an army should adopt different tactics according to different circumstances. This will create misgivings in the minds of the officers and men.
When an army is confused and fraught with misgivings, neighboring states will take advantage of the situation and attack. This will disrupt the army and help the enemy to win.
Therefore, there are five factors to consider in anticipating which side will win, namely:
The side which knows when to fight and when not to will win;
The side which knows the difference between commanding a large army and a small army will win;
The side which has unity of purpose among its officers and men will win;
The side which engages enemy troops that are unprepared with preparedness on its own part will win; and
The side which has a capable commander who is free of interference from the sovereign will win.
Bearing these points in mind, one is able to forecast victory in a war.
Therefore I say: Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without peril. If you are ignorant of the enemy and know only yourself, you will stand equal chances of winning and losing. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you are bound to be defeated in every battle.
关于中国古诗词的英文翻译
《孙子兵法---形篇》
孙子曰：
昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。不可胜在己，可胜在敌。故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之必可胜。故曰：胜可知，而不可为。
不可胜者，守也;可胜者，攻也。守则不足，攻则有余。善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也;战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功，故其战胜不忒。不忒者，其所措必胜，胜已败者也。故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。
兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。
Dispositions
Sun WU
The skillful warriors in ancient times first made themselvesinvincible and then awaited theenemy's moment of vulnerability. Invincibilitydepends on oneself, but the enemy' vulnerabilityon himself. It follows thatthose skilled in war can make themselves invincible but cannot causean enemyto be certainly vulnerable. Therefore, it can be said that, one may know how towin,but cannot necessarily do so.
Defend yourself when you cannot defeat the enemy, and attack theenemy when you can.One defends when his strength is inadequate; he attackswhen it is abundant. Those who areskilled in defense hide themselves as underthe nine-fold earth; [in ancient China, the numbernine was used to signify thehighest number.] those in attack flash forth as from above thenine-foldheavens. Thus, they are capable both of protecting themselves and of gainingacomplete victory.
To foresee a victory which the ordinary man can foresee is not theacme of excellence.Neither is it if you triumph in battle and are universallyacclaimed 'expert,' for to lift an autumndown requires no great strength, todistinguish between the sun and moon is no test of vision,to hear thethunderclap is no indication of acute hearing. In ancient times, those calledskilled inwar conquered an enemy easily conquered. And, therefore, thevictories won by a master of wargain him neither reputation for wisdom normerit for courage. For he wins his victories withouterring. Without erring heestablishes the certainty of his victory; he conquers an enemyalreadydefeated. Therefore, the skillful commander takes up a position in which hecannot bedefeated and misses no opportunity to overcome his enemy. Thus, avictorious army alwaysseeks battle after his plans indicate that victory ispossible under them, whereas an armydestined to defeat fights in the hope ofwinning but without any planning. Those skilled in warcultivate their policiesand strictly adhere to the laws and regulations. Thus, it is in their powertocontrol success.
Now, the elements of the art of war are first, the measurement ofspace; second, theestimation of quantities; third, calculations; fourth,comparisons; and fifth, chances of victory.Measurements of space are derivedfrom the ground. Quantities derive from measurement,figures from quantities,comparisons from figures, and victory from comparisons. Thus, avictorious armyis as one yi [an ancient Chinese weight, approximately equivalent to 24ounces]balanced against a grain, and a defeated army is as a grain balanced againstone yi.
It is because of disposition that a victorious general is able tomake his soldiers fight withthe effect of pent-up waters which, suddenlyreleased, plunge into a bottomless abyss.
