英语美文摘抄带翻译欣赏
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英语美文摘抄带翻译：Archaeology
Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live -- and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.
Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may "change the course of history," but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist's standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.
考古学
考古学是历史学的一个来源，而不是地位卑微的辅助学科。 考古学资料本身也是一种历史文献，而不仅仅是文字资料的例证。 正象任何一位历史学家那样，考古学家研究调查并尽力去重构一个过程。 这个过程创造了我们生活的人类世界，也创造了我们自身，因为我们都是我们所处的时代和社会环境的产物。 考古学的资料就是人类行为所造成的物质变化。 更简洁地说，是石化了的人类行为。 这些变化的总和构成了我们所说的考古学记录。
这些记录自有其独特和不足之处，因而导致人们对考古历史和更熟悉的文字记载历史进行相当肤浅的对比。并不是所有的人类行为都留下化石。 我说的话，你通过空气振动听见，这当然是人类造成的物质变化，也可能有重大的历史意义，但这些话在考古学中未留下丝毫痕迹，除非有人用录音机录下来或文书把这些话写了下来。 战场上军队的行动可能"改变历史的进程"，但从考古学的观点来看，这同样是难以捕捉的;可能更糟的是，多数有机物质会腐烂。 任何由木头、生皮、绒线、亚麻、草、毛发以及相似物质做成的东西除非在一些非常特殊的条件下，几年或几个世纪以后，会在尘土中腐烂并消失。 在短时期内，能留下考古记录的东西也都会退化为石头、骨头、玻璃、金属和陶器的碎片。 然而，现代考古学通过运用适当的技术和比较的方法，在从泥炭、沙漠和冻土中所获得的一些幸运发现的辅助下，能够填充这个空缺的很大部分。
英语美文摘抄带翻译：Bacteria
Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in inches orcentimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter:a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to fourmicrons long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. Thus if you enlarged arounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adulthuman magnified by the same amount would be over a mile (1.6 kilometers) tall.
Even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using amagnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots.One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can see that somebacteria have attached to them wavy-looking "hairs" called flagella. Others have only oneflagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. Many bacteria lackflagella and cannot move about by their own power, while others can glide along over surfacesby some little-understood mechanism.
From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans.To a bacterium water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so small that they areinfluenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. Bacteria under themicroscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. This is because theycollide with the water molecules and are pushed this way and that. Molecules move so rapidlythat within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacterium have all been replaced bynew ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changingenvironment.
细菌
细菌是极其微小的生物体。 我们用英寸或厘米来测量自己的大小，而测量细菌却要用微米。 一微米等于千分之一毫米。 针头直径大约一毫米。 棒状细菌通常有2～4 微米长，而圆形细菌的直径一般只有 1 微米。 因此，即使你把一个圆形细菌放大1000 倍，它也不过一个针头那么大。 可是如果把一个成年人放大 1000 倍，就会变成 1 英里(或 1.6 公里) 多高。 用一般的显微镜观察细菌时，你必须仔细观察才能看见它们。 使用 100 倍的显微镜时，你会发现细菌不过是隐约可见的小细棒或小点点，而它们的结构你却根本看不出来。使 用特殊的着色剂后，你会发现有的细菌上长着不少波状的"毛发"即鞭毛，而有的细菌只有一根鞭毛。 鞭毛的旋转可以推动细菌在水中行进。 不少细菌没有鞭毛，因而不能自己行进。还有些细菌却能通过某些鲜为人知的机制沿物体表面滑动。 我们所熟知的世界在细菌眼中完全是另一个样子。 对于细菌来说，水就同糖浆之于人类一样稠密。 细菌是如此的微小，周围化学分子的一举一动都会对它们产生影响。 在显微镜下，细菌，甚至包括那些没有鞭毛的细菌，经常在水中跳来跳去。 这是因为它们与水分子相撞后，被弹向各个方向。 分子移动很迅速，仅 0.1 秒之隔，一个细菌周围的分子就会完全更新。 因此，即使是没有鞭毛的细菌也暴露在一个不断变化的环境中。
英语美文摘抄带翻译：Folk Cultures
A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that ishomogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developedrituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonalrelationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly.
There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expectedto perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goodsare handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folkcultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countriessuch as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in AngloAmerica is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products andlabor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as alocal transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. TheAmish's central religious concept of Demut "humility", clearly reflects the weakness ofindividualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strengthof Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect.The religion, a variety ofthe Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining orders.
By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic andconstantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal and a pronounced division oflabor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secularinstitutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family inmaintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk inindustrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to theirpopular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, iseasier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner.
民间文化
民间文化是小型的、孤立的、紧密的、保守的、近乎自给自足的群体，具有同样的习俗、同样的人种和强有力的家庭或部族结构以及高度发展的宗教仪式。 秩序由宗教或家庭的约束来维持，成员间的关系非常紧密，传统至高无上，很少有变动且变动缓慢。 劳动专业分工相对较少。 每个人都要做各类活计，尽管男女两性分工不同。 绝大多数物品是手工制造的，经济一般为自给自足型。 个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。在象美国和加拿大这样的工业化国家里，一成不变的民间文化群体已不复存在了。在当代美洲的英语区，与民间文化最相似的群体也许算是 Amish 。 Amish 是美国的德裔农耕部落，他们基本上拒绝接受工业时代的大多数产品和节省劳力的设施。 在Amish 地区，轻便马车仍是当地的交通工具，信徒们不允许拥有汽车。 Amish 宗教中的核心观念Demut 即谦卑典型地反映了在民间文化群中个人主义和阶级的不发达。 而与此同时，Amish 对群体的认同性却十分强。 Amish 人很少和他们宗派以外的人通婚。 其宗教，作为Mennonite 信仰的一种，提供了维护秩序的主要机制。 相反，大众文化是包含不同种族的大群体，通常高度个性化而且不断在变化。 人际关系冷漠，劳动分工明确，由此产生了许多专门的职业。
世俗的控制机构，比如警察和军队，取代了宗教和家庭来维持秩序，而且实行的是货币经济。由于存在着这些差异，"大众的"与"民间的"可谓大相径庭。 在工业化国家以及许多发展中国家里，大众文化正在取代民间文化。 民间制造的物品正让位于大众化产品，这通常是因为大众化的物品制造起来更快、更便宜，用起来更容易、更方便或者是能给其所有者带来更多的威望。
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