英语动词的分类及基本形式分析
动词是英语中相见的词，也是学生在学习中的重点学习的对象，下面学习啦的小编将为大家带来高中英语的动词的形式和种类的介绍，希望能够帮助到大家。
英语动词的分类及基本形式
动词的分类
表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类，有些动词是兼类词。如：
We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词)
We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have是助动词)
W I am hungry. 我饿了。(am是连系动词)
She was beaten on the way home. 她在回家的路上被人打了。(was是助动词)
You neednt have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词)
The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词)
动词的基本形式
绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
A. 第三人称单数形式的构成
一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同：
1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s，如work—works, write—writes。
2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guess—guesses, mix—mix, finish—finishes, catch—catches。
3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为ies，如study—studies。
注：不规则变化的有have—has, be—is, go—goes, do—does等。
B. 现在分词的构成
1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study—studying, work—working。
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write—writing, move—moving。
3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get—getting, begin—beginning。
4. 以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加ing，如lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。
注：(A) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如control—controlling;尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(B) 特例：picnic—picnicking。
C. 过去式和过去分词的构成
1. 一般情况直接加ed，如ask—asked, work—worked。
2. 以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如love—loved, dance—danced。
3. 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied，如try—tried, study—studied。
4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加ed，如stop—stopped, permit—permitted。
注：(A) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如control—controlled;尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveled(美) /traveled(英) 。(B) 特例：picnic—picnicked。另外，还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的，需要熟记。
知识点总结
| 类 别 | 意 义 | 例 句 |
| 实义动词 | 含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。 |
She has some bananas.
They eat a lot of potatoes. |
| 连系动词 | 本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。 |
His father is a teacher.
Twins usually look the same. The teacher became very angry. |
| 助动词 | 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。 |
He doesn’t speak English.
We are playing basketball. Do you have a brother? |
| 情态动词 | 本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。 |
You can keep the books for two weeks.
May I smoke here? We must go now. |
重要注解：
(1) 关于实义动词：
① 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
② 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go, come, happen, lie, listen, rise, arrive等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。
④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。
⑤ 有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen, reply, wait, look.
(2) 关于连系动词：
①连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。
②常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
③有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、 smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。
(3) 关于助动词：
①常见的助动词有：
用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;
用于完成时的have(has, had, having) ;
用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)
用于一般时的do(does, did) .
②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.
(4) 关于情态动词：
2、动词词形变化一览表：
(1)规则动词变化表：
|
规 则变 化 |
原形动词结尾情况 | 现在时单三人称 | 现在分词/动名词 | 过去式和过去分词 |
| 一般情况 | +s | +ing | +ed | |
| s,x,ch,sh,o结尾 | +es | +ing | +ed | |
| 辅音字母+y结尾 | y→i,+es | +ing | y→i,+ed | |
| 重读闭音节一元一辅结尾 | +s | 双写辅音字母,+ing | 双写辅音字母,+ed | |
| 不发音的e结尾 | +s | 去掉e,+ing | +d | |
| ie结尾 | +s | ie→y,+ing | +d | |
|
不规则变化 |
have→has；be→is | (无) | (见不规则动词变化表) | |
(2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词)
| be(am,is) | was | been |
lose |
lost | lost | |||
| be(are) | were | been |
make |
made | made | |||
| beat | beat | beaten |
may |
might | ||||
| become | became | become |
mean |
meant | meant | |||
| begin | began | begun |
meet |
met | met | |||
| blow | blew | blown |
mistake |
mistook | mistaken | |||
| break | broke | broken |
must |
must | ||||
| bring | brought | brought |
pay |
paid | paid | |||
| build | built | built |
put |
put | put | |||
| buy | bought | bought |
read |
read | Read | |||
| can | could |
ride |
rode | ridden | ||||
| catch | caught | caught |
ring |
rang | rung | |||
| choose | chose | chosen |
rise |
rose | risen | |||
| come | came | come |
run |
ran | run | |||
| cost | cost | cost |
say |
said | said | |||
| cut | cut | cut |
see |
saw | seen | |||
| dig | dug | dug |
sell |
sold | sold | |||
| do | did | done |
send |
sent | sent | |||
| draw | drew | drawn |
set |
set | set | |||
| drink | drank | drunk |
shall |
should | ||||
| drive | drove | driven | shine |
shone |
shone | |||
| eat | ate | eaten | show |
showed |
shown | |||
| fall | fell | fallen | shut |
shut |
shut | |||
| feel | felt | felt | sing |
sang |
sung | |||
| find | found | found | sink |
sank/sunk |
sunk/sunken | |||
| fly | flew | flown | sit |
set |
set | |||
| forget | forgot | forgot/forgotten | sleep |
slept |
slept | |||
| freeze | froze | frozen | smell |
smelt |
smelt | |||
| get | got | got | speak |
spoke |
spoken | |||
| give | gave | given | spend |
spent |
spent | |||
| go | went | gone | spill |
spilt |
spilt | |||
| grow | grew | grown | spoil |
spoilt |
spoilt | |||
| hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | stand |
stood |
stood | |||
| have(has) | had | had | sweep |
swept |
swept | |||
| hear | heard | heard | swim |
swam |
swum | |||
| hide | hid | hidden | take |
took |
taken | |||
| hit | hit | hit | teach |
taught |
taught | |||
| hold | held | held | tell |
told |
told | |||
| hurt | hurt | hurt | think |
thought |
thought | |||
| keep | kept | kept | throw |
threw |
thrown | |||
| know | knew | known | understand |
understood |
understood | |||
| lay | laid | laid | wake |
woke/waked |
woken/waked | |||
| learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned | wear |
wore |
worn | |||
| leave | left | left | will |
would |
||||
| lend | lent | lent | win |
won |
won | |||
| let | let | let | write |
wrote |
witten | |||
| lie | lay | lain |
|
|||||
3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：
| 一 般 现 在 时 | 一 般 将 来 时 | 现 在 完 成 时 |
|
I am….
You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. |
(I等各人称) will be….
I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are |
I have been….
You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been…. |
| 一 般 过 去 时 | 过 去 将 来 时 | 过 去 完 成 时 |
|
I was….
You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were…. |
(I等各人称) would be….
I was He/She/It was going to be… We/You/They were |
I had been….
You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been…. |
注意：句型变化时,
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写);
疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：
| 现在 时态 | 一 般 现 在 时 | 现 在 进 行 时 | 一 般 将 来 时 | 现 在 完 成 时 |
| 谓语动词构成 |
动词用原形(单三加s / es)
(问句和否定句借用助词do / does) |
am
is+动词-ing are |
will + 动词原形
am is +going to+动词原形 are |
have +过去分词
has |
| 过去时态 | 一 般 过 去 时 | 过 去 进 行 时 | 过 去 将 来 时 | 过 去 完 成 时 |
| 谓语动词构成 |
动词用过去式
(问句和否定句借用助词did) |
was
+动词-ing were |
would + 动词原形
was+going to+动词原形 were |
had +过去分词 |
注：动词的非谓语形式及用法见非谓语动词专项讲解。
误区提醒
动词的种类和形式要结合动词的时态、语态等来学习，掌握好动词的分类和形式，是学好时态和语态的基础，撇开动词分类及基础知识去学其他内容，是舍本求末的做法，只有基础扎实了，才能高屋建瓴，彻底弄清楚跟动词有关的其他内容，打赢英语学习当中的攻坚战!
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