托福阅读否定细节题怎么做解题策略

楚薇分享 2022-07-28 14:56:31

托福阅读考试拿到高分，一方面是扎实的阅读能力，另外一方面就是做题的能力。那么在具体的备考练习中，阅读题型对应的解题技巧，也是大家重点练习的内容。具体的阅读否定细节题的做题技巧是什么?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!

托福阅读否定细节题怎么做解题策略

托福阅读否定细节题怎么做

对于托福阅读否定信息题，一般都来否定某个事实，在题目中都会出现标志词EXCEPT或者是NOT，而题干要要求在四个选项中选出一个和题干去掉EXCEPT或NOT之后所叙述内容不相符合的选项(听起来好绕@@，以下简称“去否题干”)，其实就是四个选项中三个选项的内容是“正确的”(确切来讲是符合“去否题干”内容的)，一个选项内容是不符合“去否题干”内容的，我们要做的就是找出它，是它是它就是它(没错，就是挑错题)!

上面是对否定信息题的介绍，那么我们就会发现一个问题，我们都知道，事实信息题通常只需要找一个选项符合题干就可以了，否定事实信息题却要在原文中找三个选项符合“去否的题干”!聪明的同学已经发现了，这意味着否定事实信息题需要很大很大的阅读范围，它考查的能力比事实信息题要更加注重“信息查找能力”。很明显，这种思路是典型的“4选3”思路，与我们说的“巧解”大相径庭，那么如何“巧解”否定信息题呢?

我们来看一个例题：

Paragraph 7: The Cognitive approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's

○Moral values

○Previous experiences with aggression

○Instinct to avoid aggression

○Beliefs about other people's intentions

这道题目的定位范围是两个自然段，四个选项中有三个会influence the decision whether to act aggressively，有一个选项不会“影响一个人决定是否要表现的具有侵略性”，我们要选择这个选项。首先，在第七自然段的第二句“Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.”中就提到moral values，对应A 选项。其次，在第八自然段中，第四句“People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives.”中提到两个选项，一个是“their experiences with aggression”对应B选项，另外一个是“interpretation of other people's motives”对应D选项。只有C选项的instinct没有提到，这道题目选择C选项。

托福阅读否定事实信息题解题方法

熟悉托福阅读的考生都知道，托福阅读有十大题型，这十大题型各有侧重考查点，是ETS为考查我们各方面语言能力而设计的。因此，明确题型的特点和其所考查的能力，能够帮助我们在做题的时候思路更加清晰，目标更加明确，正确率自然能够得到保证。同时，针对不同题型的特定的解题技巧，也帮助我们更快、更准、更稳的去解题。今天，等待我们去探索的，就是否定事实信息题--Negative Factual Information question。

否定事实信息题长得非常好辨识，问题标志词为EXCEPT或NOT，题干要求在四个选项中选出一个和题干去掉EXCEPT或NOT之后所叙述内容不相符合的选项(听起来好绕@@，以下简称“去否题干”)，其实就是四个选项中三个选项的内容是“正确的”(确切来讲是符合“去否题干”内容的)，一个选项内容是不符合“去否题干”内容的，我们要做的就是找出它，是它是它就是它(没错，就是挑错题)!那么问题来了，我们都知道，事实信息题通常只需要找一个选项符合题干就可以了，否定事实信息题却要在原文中找三个选项符合“去否的题干”!聪明的同学已经发现了，这意味着否定事实信息题需要很大很大的阅读范围，它考查的能力比事实信息题要更加注重“信息查找能力”。很明显，这种思路是典型的“4选3”思路，与我们说的“巧解”大相径庭，那么如何“巧解”否定事实信息题呢?

我们来看一道例题：

Paragraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder,and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.

According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steam engines, in each of the following ways, EXCEPT:

It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder

It worked with greater speed.

It was more efficient in its use of fuel.

It could be used in many different ways.

--TPO6-1 Powering the Industrial Revolution

读题干后，我们找到关键词Watt's steam engine，题干问的是Watt's steam engine与earlier steam在哪些方面不同。通常，同学们在读完题干后知道选项中有3个是Watt's steam engine的特点，然后就带着关键词回原文定位，定位后细读定位内容，然后对比选项，选出答案为A。这是最普遍的同学们的做法。通过读定位部分我们发现，定位部分的内容占据段落一半的内容，而且涉及蒸汽机的工作原理，增加了阅读难度，那有没有什么方法能够快速解这道题呢?首先我们再来分析以下题干，题干问的是Watt's steam engine在哪些方面differed from早前的蒸汽机，differ from意为“不同于”，涉及到“比较”，同学们可以快速的开以下脑洞，猜想本题的正确选项很有可能是earlier steam engine的特点，也许这个特点只有earlier steam engine具备，也许是Watt's steam engine和earlier steam engine共有的特点，总之，如果发现earlier steam engine特点的选项，就一定是本题的正确答案了!这一点在我们读段落第二句的时候一下子就得到了验证，发现earlier steam engine是用expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder，那么答案很显然选A，这样，我们规避了去核对剩下3个选项的繁琐步骤，并且，由于选项的词汇和句子都非常简单，我们还可以通过读剩下3个选项来帮助我们更好的理解文意。

托福阅读原文及翻译练习资料

托福阅读原文：

Elements of Life

The creation of life requires a set of chemical elements for making the components of cells. Life on Earth uses about 25 of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, although just 4 of these elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—make up about 96 percent of the mass of living organisms. Thus, a first requirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements used by life.

Interestingly, this requirement can probably be met by almost any world. Scientists have determined that all chemical elements in the universe besides hydrogen and helium (and a trace amount of lithium) were produced by stars. These are known as heavy elements because they are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Although all of these heavy elements are quite rare compared to hydrogen and helium, they are found just about everywhere.

Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths, so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time. Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemical content (by mass) of our solar system, the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. In some very old star systems, which formed before many heavy elements were produced, the heavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimals—small, solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planets—condense within a forming star system, they are inevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous. Thus, planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life, which means that objects built from planetesimals—planets, moons, asteroids, and comets-also contain these elements. The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy, and universe.

Note that this argument does not change, even if we allow for life very different from life on Earth. Life on Earth is carbon based, and most biologists believe that life elsewhere is likely to be carbon based as well. However, we cannot absolutely rule out the possibility of life with another chemical basis, such as silicon or nitrogen. The set of elements (or their relative proportions) used by life based on some other element might be somewhat different from that used by carbon-based life on Earth. But the elements are still products of stars and would still be present in planetesimals everywhere. No matter what kinds of life we are looking for, we are likely to find the necessary elements on almost every planet, moon, asteroid, and comet in the universe.

A somewhat stricter requirement is the presence of these elements in molecules that can be used as ready-made building blocks for life, just as early Earth probably had an organic soup of amino acids and other complex molecules. Earth's organic molecules likely came from some combination of three sources: chemical reactions in the atmosphere, chemical reactions near deep-sea vents in the oceans, and molecules carried to Earth by asteroids and comets. The first two sources can occur only on worlds with atmospheres or oceans, respectively. But the third source should have brought similar molecules to nearly all worlds in our solar system.

Studies of meteorites and comets suggest that organic molecules are widespread among both asteroids and comets. Because each body in the solar system was repeatedly struck by asteroids and comets during the period known as the heavy bombardment (about 4 billion years ago), each body should have received at least some organic molecules. However, these molecules tend to be destroyed by solar radiation on surfaces unprotected by atmospheres. Moreover, while these molecules might stay intact beneath the surface (as they evidently do on asteroids and comets), they probably cannot react with each other unless some kind of liquid or gas is available to move them about. Thus, if we limit our search to worlds on which organic molecules are likely to be involved in chemical reactions, we can probably rule out any world that lacks both an atmosphere and a surface or subsurface liquid medium, such as water.

托福阅读翻译：

生命的元素

生命的创造需要一套用于制造细胞成分的化学元素。“地球上的生命”使用了92种天然化学元素中的25种，尽管这些元素中只有4种：氧，碳，氢和氮——构成了大约96%的活生物体。因此，生命的第一个要求可能是生命需要用到的大部分或全部元素的存在。

有趣的是，几乎所有的世界都可以满足这个要求。科学家们已经确定，除了氢和氦(以及微量的锂)之外，宇宙中的所有化学元素也都是由恒星产生的。这些被称为重元素，因为它们比氢和氦重。尽管与氢和氦相比，所有这些重元素都很罕见，但它们几乎遍布各处。

重元素不断由恒星制造并通过恒星死亡释放到太空中，因此它们的量与氢和氦相比随着时间的推移逐渐增加。重元素占我们太阳系化学含量的百分之二(按质量计)，另外百分之九十八是氢和氦。在一些非常古老的恒星系统中，这些恒星系统在许多重元素出现之前形成，重元素份额可能低于0.1%。尽管如此，所研究的每个恒星系统都至少有一定数量的生命使用的元素。而且，当星子——在早期的太阳系中形成的，可以积聚组成行星的小的固体物质——凝聚成一个稳定的行星系统，它们不可避免地由重元素制成，因为更常见的氢和氦气保持气态。因此，任何地方的星子都应该包含生命所需要的元素，这意味着由星子组成的——行星、卫星、小行星和彗星等构成的物体——也包含这些元素。太阳系形成的本质解释了为什么地球包含生命所需的所有元素，这就是为什么我们期望这些元素存在于整个太阳系，星系和宇宙中的其他世界。

请注意，即使我们允许生命与地球上的生命截然不同，这个论点也不会改变。地球上的生命是以碳为基础的，大多数生物学家认为其他地方的生活也可能以碳为基础。但是，我们不能完全排除使用另一种化学基础如硅或氮的生命的可能性。基于某些其他元素的生命所使用的元素(或其相对比例)可能与地球上基于碳的生命所使用的元素有所不同。但这些元素仍然是恒星的产物，并且仍然会在各处的星子中出现。无论我们在寻找什么样的生物，我们都可能在宇宙中的几乎每个行星，月球，小行星和彗星上找到必要的元素。

一个更严格的要求是分子中存在这些元素，这些元素可以作为现成的生命基石，就像早期的地球可能有氨基酸和其他复杂分子的有机汤一样。地球的有机分子可能来自三种来源的某一种组合：大气中的化学反应，海洋深海通风口附近的化学反应以及小行星和彗星携带到地球的分子。前两个来源分别只能出现在有大气或海洋的世界上。但是第三个来源应该给我们的太阳系中的几乎所有世界带来类似的分子。

对陨石和彗星的研究表明，有机分子在小行星和彗星中都很普遍。由于太阳系中的每个个体在被称为重度轰炸的时期(大约40亿年前)一再遭到小行星和彗星的袭击，所以每个个体至少应该接受一些有机分子。然而，这些分子往往被不受大气保护的表面上的太阳辐射破坏。此外，尽管这些分子可能会在表面下保持完整(因为它们明显对小行星和彗星有影响)，但除非某种液体或气体可用于移动它们，否则它们可能无法相互反应。因此，如果我们将研究范围限制在仅有有机分子可能参与化学反应的世界上，我们可以排除任何缺乏大气和表面或地下液体介质(如水)的世界。