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无糖汽水会使人沮丧吗?
Does Diet Soda Cause Depression?
无糖汽水会使人沮丧吗?
It’s time to go again to the A Moment of Science mailbag. A listener writes:
又到了抽取《科学一刻》信箱来信的时间了。一位听众这样写到：
Dear A Moment of Science,
I keep hearing about how diet soda is bad for you. This is troubling, since I drink lots of the stuff because has zero calories. So, is diet soda really bad? And if so, why?
亲爱的《科学一刻》栏目：
我听说无糖汽水对身体有害。
这可是件麻烦事，因为自从我听说无糖汽水不含热量后我就喝了很多。所以说，无糖汽水真是有害的吗?如果是，那原因呢?
Well, the most accurate we can offer to the first question is “maybe.” As for why? We don’t really know.
好了，我能给第一个问题最为精确的回答是“可能”。至于为什么?我实际上也不知道。
Linking Studies
相关研究
To elaborate, a few studies have found links between sweetened beverages including fruit drinks and regular and diet soda and depression.
确切的说，少有研究发现甜味饮料，包括果汁，含糖和无糖汽水与沮丧情绪有关。
For example, one study by researchers at the National Institutes of Health looked at survey data from more than 260,000 people. Those who drank at least four cans of regular soda per day were 30 percent more likely to have been diagnosed with depression. People who drank diet soda were even more prone to depression, at 31 percent.And people who drank four or more cans of fruit drinks were the most vulnerable, being 51 percent more likely to be diagnosed with depression.
例如，国立卫生研究院研究人员做了一项26万多人的调研，每天饮用超过四罐含糖汽水的人，就有30%被诊断出可能患有沮丧情绪症。31%饮用无糖汽水的人更容易情绪沮丧，饮用四罐或者更多果汁的人更加脆弱，高达51%的人可能会遭受沮丧情绪的困扰。
Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
相关联系不等于因果关系
To be clear, the study found an association, not necessarily a causal link. In other words, it’s not clear that drinking diet soda actually causes depression.
需要说明的是，这一研究找到的是相关性，而不是必然的因果联系。
But it’s also possible that something in sweetened drinks does in fact cause or at least raise the risk for depression. More research will help sort that out.
So it seems reasonable to conclude that if you have a family history of depression, it may not be a bad idea to lay off sweetened drinks. Even if studies have not proven that they trigger depression, there is a link.
换句话说，还不清楚无糖汽水是否真的会导致情绪沮丧。但是，依然有可能的是甜饮料中的某些物质确实导致或者至少增加了情绪沮丧的风险。更多研究将会支持这一结论。因此，似乎有理由认为，如果有抑郁症家族史的人，停止饮用甜味饮料可能不是个坏主意。即使研究没有证明它们能触发抑郁，但也据有相关性。
懂音乐的动物有哪些?
Musical Mammals
懂音乐的动物有哪些?
Think humans are the only creatures capable of grooving to a beat? Think again. Turns out a growing number of animals are just as musically inclined.
人类是唯一能够随着节拍起舞的生物吗?不是。事实上，越来越多的动物显示出音乐天赋。
Beyond Parrots
除鹦鹉之外
Now, you may already know that parrots and other birds that mimic human speech are also good at keeping time to a musical beat. Scientists think it’s a side effect of repeating human speech sounds.
你可能已经知道鹦鹉和其他一些能够模仿人类语言的鸟类也擅于把握音乐节拍。科学家认为这是它们重复人类语言声音而产生的副作用。
But researchers have found that both sea lions and bonobos are also capable of bopping to a beat. Researchers beat a drum at around 280 beats per minute and found that bonobos were able to pick up the beat and play it on a specially designed drum.
但是，研究人员发现，海狮和倭黑猩猩也有乐感。研究人员以每分钟约280次的速度击鼓，发现倭黑猩猩能够跟上节奏，并在一个特制的鼓上演奏出来。
Now, given that bonobos are closely related to humans, their rhythmic ability might not sound very surprising. In the wild, bonobos are known to beat on hollow trees. But sea lions are a different story they’re not known to follow or pick up a beat.
由于倭黑猩猩是人类的“近亲”，它们具有节奏感也许并不稀奇。在野外，倭黑猩猩以能在中空的树上击打出节奏而闻名。但海狮却不一样，人们可从不知道它们能跟上节拍。
So it was surprising when researchers working with a sea lion they named Ronan were able to train her to bob her head in time to different tempos.
因此当研究人员同一只名叫罗南的海狮共同协作，训练它能够随着不同的节拍摇头晃脑就十分令人惊奇了。
More Widespread
更多有乐感的动物
Beyond the fact that teaching a sea lion to groove to a beat is pretty cool, it also suggests that the ability may be much more widespread in the animal kingdom than we’ve assumed, and that keeping time to a beat is not limited to animals able to mimic human speech.
训练海狮“闻拍起舞”十分有范儿，但也这表明动物王国中有乐感的动物也许要比我们想象的多，能跟上节拍的动物也不仅限于能够“学舌”的动物。
So we may not yet be at the point where we’ll see rock bands with seals or apes on drums, but when it comes to music, humans and other animals appear to have more in common than meets the eye.
也许目前我们还看不到一个由海豹或猩猩组成的摇滚乐队，但是，在音乐方面，人类和其他动物似乎比表面上看起来有更多共同点。
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