动名词与不定式的区别(2)

　　动词不定式：(to)+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

　　1、不定式的形式：

　　主 动 被 动

　　一般式 To write to be written

　　进行式 to be writing /

　　完成式 to have written to have been written

　　否定式：not + (to) do

　　1)一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，

　　例如：

　　I’m glad to meet you.

　　He seems to know a lot.

　　We plan to pay a visit.

　　He wants to be an artist.

　　The patient asked to be operated on at once.

　　The teacher ordered the work to be done.

　　2)进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：

　　The boy pretended to be working hard.

　　He seems to be reading in his room.

　　3)完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：

　　I regretted to have told a lie.

　　I happened to have seen the film.

　　He is pleased to have met his friend.

　　2、不定式的句法功能：

　　1)作主语：

　　To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

　　To lose your heart means failure.

　　动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：

　　It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

　　It means failure to lose your heart.

　　2)作表语：

　　Her job is to clean the hall.

　　He appears to have caught a cold.

　　3)作宾语：

　　常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：

　　Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

　　动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：

　　I have no choice but to stay here.

　　He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

　　动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：

　　He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

　　4)作宾语补足语：

　　在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

　　此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：

　　With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.

　　有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：

　　I saw him cross the road.

　　He was seen to cross the road.

　　5)作定语：

　　动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：

　　A)动宾关系：

　　I have a meeting to attend.

　　注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：

　　He found a good house to live in.

　　The child has nothing to worry about.

　　What did you open it with?

　　如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：

　　He has no place to live.

　　This is the best way to work out this problem.

　　如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：

　　Have you got anything to send?

　　Have you got anything to be sent?

　　B)说明所修饰名词的内容：

　　We have made a plan to finish the work.

　　C)被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：

　　He is the first to get here.

　　6)作状语：

　　A)表目的：

　　He worked day and night to get the money.

　　She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.

　　注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：

　　wrong： To save money, every means has been tried.

　　right: To save money, he has tried every means.

　　wrong： To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.

　　right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.

　　B)表结果：

　　He arrived late to find the train gone.

　　常用only放在不定式前表示强调：

　　I visited him only to find him out.

　　C)表原因：

　　They were very sad to hear the news.

　　D)表程度：

　　It’s too dark for us to see anything.

　　The question is simple for him to answer.

　　7)作独立成分：

　　To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.

　　8)不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。

　　If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.

　　9)不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。

　　He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

　　(二)动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

　　1、动名词的形式：

　　语 态 主动语态 被动语态

　　一般式 doing being done

　　完成式 having done having been done

　　否定式：not + 动名词

　　1)一般式：

　　Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

　　2)被动式：

　　He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

　　3)完成式：

　　We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

　　4)完成被动式：

　　He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

　　5)否定式：not + 动名词

　　I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

　　6)复合结构：物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词

　　He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

　　His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

　　2、动名词的句法功能：

　　1)作主语：

　　Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

　　Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。

　　当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

　　It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。

　　2)作表语：

　　In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。

　　3)作宾语：

　　They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。

　　We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。

　　注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：

　　We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

　　要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：

　　enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认)，deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

　　4)作定语：

　　He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

　　Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗?

　　5)作同位语：

　　The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。

　　His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

　　1) 动名词与不定式的区别：

　　动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的

　　不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的

　　2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。

　　3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：

　　1　stop to do　　　　　stop doing

　　2 forget to do　　　　 forget doing

　　3　remember to do　　　remember doing

　　4 regret to do　　　　 regret doing

　　5 cease to do　　　　 cease doing

　　6 try to do　　　　　　try doing

　　7　go on to do　　　　 go on doing

　　8 afraid to do　　　　 afraid doing

　　9 mean to do　　　　　 mean doing

　　10 begin/ start to do　 begin/ start doing

　　11　interested to do　　interested doing