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考研英语经济类阅读理解：Currency teaser
A strong rupee is giving policymakers a new sort of headache
THE Indian finance ministry's mid-year review, released this week, sees the external sector as a silver lining around the country's huge fiscal deficit. "
Buoyant" and "encouraging" are the words used to describe three consecutive quarters of current-account surplus--the first in a quarter-century. Add to that swelling foreign-exchange reserves and a stronger rupee, and some are arguing that it is time for drastic liberalisation of India's foreign-exchange regime. They could be disappointed.
For most of the past decade, the nominal value of the rupee has been allowed to decline gently against the dollar, by about 5% a year, thus staying fairly steady in real terms. This year, however, it has been appreciating in real terms (and, since June, nominally as well). It would have done so more sharply had the central bank not been buying dollars with gusto. Exporters of manufactured goods, obsessed with price competition from China, are aghast at the rise--and at the prospect held out by some forecasters that a sustained boom in India's IT exports means it will continue.
The rupee's recent strength is only partly related to India's prowess in software and the mushrooming of "business-process outsourcing" in such projects as call-centres. The chunky surplus on invisibles owes more to remittances: non-resident Indians, attracted by the stability of the rupee and its higher interest rates, have been moving their offshore deposits back home. Similarly, Indian companies are borrowing more in dollars without selling rupees forward to hedge repayments. The trade deficit, meanwhile, has been shrinking, as imports grow slowly.
The inflows have boosted foreign-exchange reserves by some billion this year, to billion, or 12 months'-worth of imports. The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalisation of the labyrinthine foreign-exchange controls that India still maintains, despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes. In recent months, some controls have duly been eased. It is now simpler, for example, for individuals to open foreign-currency bank accounts, and for travellers to get hold of foreign exchange. And non-resident Indians have been allowed to take out money acquired through inheritance, or from rents and dividends.
Some commentators have taken all this as a harbinger of full capital-account convertibility. That is not on the cards. The experience of 1991, when India ran out of money, has left the central bank prone to caution--an approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 1997-98. With war in Iraq looming and a turbulent oil market, some risk aversion is understandable. India's fiscal deficit--some 10% of GDP and widening--is another reason for moving slowly. Just as one rating agency, Moody's, is considering upgrading India's external debt, another, Fitch, has warned that its local-currency rating is under threat. Nor is it certain that opening the capital account would mean a weaker rupee. It might even attract more capital inflows. As India's exporters are learning, convertibility is a two-way street.
Economist; 12/7/2002, Vol. 365 Issue 8302, p73, 1/3p
注(1)：本文选自Economist;12/7/2002, p73, 1/3p;
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿2002年真题text 2第2题(1)，text 5第3题(2)，1995年真题text 2第4题(3)，2000年真题text 4第3题(4)和1998年真题text 2第4题(5);
1.The expression “silver lining” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means______.
[A] a side effect
[B] a favorable aspect
[C] a decorative line
[D] a comforting prospect
2.According to the text, the appreciation of the rupee in real terms__________.
[A] will lower its nominal value
[B] is bad news to exporters of manufactured goods
[C] means a sharper decline of its nominal value against the dollar
[D] will give impetus to the development of India’s IT industry
3.The current account surplus owes to the following EXCEPT_________.
[A] the strength of the rupee
[B] the remittances of non-resident Indians
[C] the hedging activity of Indian companies
[D] the growing imports
4.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] India’s foreign exchange reserves increased more than three times this year.
[B] Individuals are now allowed to trade foreign currency freely.
[C] India now can tackle adverse events in the foreign exchange market better
[D] India’s foreign exchange controls are seen as a hamper to its economic development.
5.Which of the follow is NOT a reason for India’s slow response to calls for liberalization
of its foreign exchange?
[A] Its increasing foreign reserve.
[B] Its past experience.
[C] Uncertainty of the oil market.
[D] Its growing fiscal deficit.
答案：D B D C A
篇章剖析
本篇文章是一篇说明文，针对印度外汇储备增加，卢比走强是否会对印度的外汇管制政策产生影响进行了分析。第一段介绍了印度外汇储备增加，卢比走强的财政情况，并提出本文主要观点：印度也许并不会大幅放开对外汇的管制。第二段介绍了卢比升值的情况。第三段介绍了卢比升值带来的影响---外汇流入。第四段介绍了外汇储备增加的情况以及政府适度放松外汇管制。第五段分析了政府不会大幅放开外汇管制的原因，并得出自己的结论：外币兑换是一条双行道。
词汇注释
silver lining: 一线希望
buoyant: [5bCiEnt] adj. 趋于上升的(价格)
rupee: [5ru:pi:] n. 卢比(印度、巴基斯坦等国的货币)
liberalization: [7libErElai5zeiFEn] n. 自由化; 放宽限制
nominal: [5nCminl] adj. 属于、关于或是一笔钱或者股票证券的票面价值量的
appreciate: [E5pri:Fieit] v. 增值, 涨价
gusto: [5^QstEu] n. 兴致勃勃;热情
aghast: [E5^B:st] adj. 惊骇的, 吓呆的
prowess: [5praJIs] n. 卓越的技能;杰出的才能;本领
mushrooming: [5mQFrumiN] n. 迅速增长, 激烈增殖
outsourcing: [`aJt9sR:sIN] n. [商]外部采办,外购
chunky: [5tFQNki] adj. 结实的;厚实的
remittance: [ri5mitEns] n. 汇款, 汇寄之款, 汇款额
offshore: [5C(:)fFC:] adj. 海外的，国外的
hedge: [hedV] n. 保值措施，套期保值
cushion: [5kuFEn] n. 缓冲减轻或缓和不利后果的东西
labyrinthine: [9lAbE`rInWaIn] adj. 迷宫(似)的, 曲折的
convertibility: [kEn9v\:tE`bIlEtI] n. 可兑换性
dividend: [5dividend] n. 股息, 红利
harbinger: [5hB:bindVE] n. 先驱, 预兆
prone: [prEun] adj. 倾向于
vindicate: [5vindikeit] v. 证明…正当
loom: [lu:m] v. 隐现, 迫近
turbulent: [5tE:bjulEnt] adj. 动荡的;难控制的
aversion: [E5vE:FEn] n. 指转向或转移的行为
难句突破
1. The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalisation of the labyrinthine foreign-exchange controls that India still maintains, despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes.
主体句式：The size of this cushion has triggered some calls…
结构分析：这一句虽然也包含一个定语从句，但结构并不算太复杂，容易造成理解困难的是cushion, labyrinthine这两个词。Cushion原意是“垫子”，这里引申为“缓冲不利后果的东西;保障”，labyrinthine的意思是“复杂的;迷宫般的”。
句子译文：尽管在1993年印度已允许进行以贸易为目的的卢比兑换，但印度目前的外汇控制如迷宫般复杂。现在有了这样的巨额储备作保障，一些人开始呼吁印度政府进一步放开现有外汇控制。
2. The experience of 1991, when India ran out of money, has left the central bank prone to caution--an approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 1997-98.
主体句式：The experience…has left the central bank prone to caution.
结构分析：这个句子是个复杂句，句中有一个以when引导的，修饰1991的定语从句和一个省略了that的，修饰approach的定语从句。
句子译文：1991年印度用完外汇储备的经历使中央银行倾向于谨慎方式—1997-98年的东亚危机证实了这种方式的正确性。
题目分析
1. 答案为D，属猜词题。根据上下文，印度的财政赤字非常大，但印度的外汇储备不断增加，并且连续三个季度的经常项目账户盈余，显然，对外部门给巨额财政赤字带来了一线希望。四个选项中，只有A的意义最符合。
2. 答案为B，属事实细节题。文章第二段制造品出口商听到卢比升值消息时的反应是“aghast”，这个词的意思是“吃惊的;吓呆的”，可见这条消息对他们来说是坏消息。
3. 答案为D，属事实细节题。文章第三段指出了印度经常项目账户盈余的几个原因：卢比的强势，海外印度人的汇款，印度公司为了套期保值而借入美元却不卖出卢比的行为，以及贸易赤字的缩小。而贸易赤字缩小的原因是进口增长缓慢。所以进口的不断增长不是导致经常项目账户盈余的原因。
4. 答案为C，属事实细节题。根据文章第四段第二行，印度外汇储备的大幅增加到660亿美元，因此一些人认为印度已经有了一个可以放心开放外汇控制的cushion。这个词的意思是“缓冲不利影响的东西”，显然现在的印度能够更从容地应付外汇市场的不利情况。
5. 答案为A，属事实细节题。根据上下文，人们呼吁印度放宽外汇控制的原因是印度的外汇储备不断增加，卢比也不断走强。A项中的答案正好因果颠倒了。
参考译文
印度财政部长本周发布了年中报告，报告认为对外部门给该国巨额财政赤字带来了一线希望。‘行情看涨’和‘令人鼓舞’这些词被用来形容1/4世纪以来首次连续三个季度的经常项目账户盈余。随着外汇储备的膨胀和卢比的增强，一些人认为大幅放开印度外汇管制的时候到了。不过他们也许会失望。
在过去十年中的大部分时候，卢比的面值被允许以每年约5%的幅度相对于美元温和地贬值，因此它的实际价值是相当稳定的。然而，在今年，卢比的实际价值一直在升值(而且，自六月以来，其面值也在上扬)。如果不是中央银行一直在积极买入美元，卢比的升值幅度会更高。对饱受中国产品价格竞争困扰的制造品出口商来说，卢比升值的消息令人心惊肉跳。一些预测者认为，由于印度信息产业出口还将持续繁荣，卢比将继续升值。
卢比最近的强势与印度在软件业的实力以及最近兴起的将电话中心等项目的业务流程外包有一定的关系。相当的无形收支项目盈余主要来自汇款：受卢比的稳定性和高利率的吸引，那些旅居他乡的印度人一直在将他们的海外存款汇回家乡。与此类似，印度公司也贷入更多美元，同时不卖出远期卢比以便偿还美元贷款时能够套期保值。在此期间由于进口增长缓慢，贸易赤字也在不断减少。
外汇的流入使得外汇贮备在今年快速增长了大约200亿美元，达到了660亿美元，相当于12个月的进口总额。尽管在1993年印度已允许进行以贸易为目的的卢比兑换，但印度目前的外汇控制如迷宫般复杂。现在有了这样的巨额储备作保障，一些人开始呼吁印度政府进一步放开现有外汇控制。最近几个月来，一些外汇控制已经被适当放松。比如，个人开设外汇银行账户、旅游者持有外汇都比以前要简单很多。此外旅居国外的印度人也可转出遗产继承收入，或租金、利息收入。
一些评论员将上述情况视为资本账户可完全兑换的先兆。然而这个可能性并不大。1991年印度用完外汇储备的经历使中央银行倾向于谨慎方式—1997-98年的东亚危机证实了这种方式的正确性。随着伊拉克战争的临近，以及石油市场的波动，进行一些风险转移是可以理解的。印度的财政赤字—约为GDP的10%且正在扩大—是另一个开放动作缓慢的原因。在穆迪(Moody’s)这个评级机构考虑提升印度外债的等级的同时，另一个评级机构，惠誉(Fitch)则警告说它的本地货币评级处境堪忧。放开资本账户并不一定意味着削弱卢比，说不定它还会吸引更多的资本流入。外币兑换是一条双行道，这一点印度的出口商们也越来越有感触。
考研英语经济类阅读理解：Fiat redux
Fiat's agony spreads to workers as 8,100 jobs go
THE giant Mirafiori plant in Turin is the heart of Fiat Auto, the troubled car division of the Fiat group. As the early shift trooped home at 2pm on Octob
er 9th, the mood was pessimistic. The workers knew that the bosses were meeting union leaders later that afternoon in Rome to announce 8,100 job cuts across the group's car factories. This is on top of 3,000 job losses announced earlier this year. Workers expect one-third of Mirafiori's 12,000 employees to be gone by next July. Fiat says that all but 500 of the total are temporary lay-offs, to last about a year. But the morose workers passing through Mirafiori's gates doubt that the jobs will ever come back, whatever the firm says about new models and future investment.
Fiat Auto will lose around €1 billion (7m) this year, wiping out profits in other parts of the group, which makes everything from lorries and tractors to robots. Fiat's bosses have been in denial for years about the company's massive over-capacity, the cause of growing losses as sales slumped. Five years ago Fiat Auto made 2.6m cars a year and profits of €758m. Since then it has recorded a loss in every year bar one. This year it will produce barely 1.9m cars. Its banks forced a restructuring in May, and the chief executive of its Fiat group parent had to resign a few weeks later.
The pain is bad enough in northern Italy, where unemployment is barely 4%, but it will be felt more elsewhere. The Termini Imerese plant in Sicily is to lay off 1,800 workers. Unions say that cuts among suppliers could double the number of people hit. The local official jobless rate is already 18% (though this ignores a lively "informal" economy). This is posing a nasty problem for the government of Silvio Berlusconi, which polled strongly in Sicily but is not inclined to aid troubled firms.
Fiat's belated willingness to take tough steps to align capacity with demand is down to the group's new boss, Gabriele Galateri, chosen in June to rescue the firm, which is 30% owned by Agnelli family interests. His aim is to restore credibility, arrest the alarming plunge in the company's share price and persuade the banks that he is sorting out the Fiat Auto mess, so as to win their support for a further recapitalisation.
Closely watching this Italian drama are bosses of General Motors, owners of 20% of Fiat Auto. The Italians have an option to sell the remaining shares to GM from January 2004. GM, which has its own problems in Europe, is desperate for Fiat Auto to sort itself out before it can be forced to take over. Although the Agnelli family patriarch, the ailing 81-year-old Gianni Agnelli, is opposed to such a sale, most analysts expect that Italy's proudest manufacturing company will end up in American hands.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Economist; 10/12/2002, Vol. 365 Issue 8294, p59-59, 3/5p, 1c
注(1)：本文选自Economist;10/12/2002, p59-59, 3/5p, 1c;
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿1999年真题text 4第3题(1)，2004年真题text 4第2题(2)，2002年真题text 5第3题(3)和text 3第4题(5)，和1998年真题text 2第4题(4);
1.The workers in Fiat’s plant were pessimistic because_________.
[A] the car division of the Fiat group was in trouble
[B] new models and future investment promised no hope of getting their jobs back
[C] there will be heavy job losses in the giant Mirafiori plant
[D] they were facing the threat of losing their jobs
2.We learn from the second paragraph that___________.
[A] the market demand for Fiat cars now is far lower than it was five years ago
[B] Fiat Auto is the only part of the group that is running at a loss
[C] Fiat Auto is selling cars more than they can produce
[D] the cause of Fiat’s trouble is the sluggish Italian economy
3.According to the text, Fiat’s job cuts _____________.
[A] trigger a wave of job cuts in other companies
[B] become a headache of Italian government
[C] double the number of jobless people in northern Italy
[D] force Italian government to aid it
4.Which of the following is NOT a measure Fiat Auto took to combat growing losses?
[A] Preventing share price from falling
[B] Laying off workers
[C] Reducing production
[D] Replacement of the boss
5.We can draw a conclusion from the last paragraph that___________.
[A] Fiat Auto can hardly solve its own problems
[B] GE will be happy to buy the remaining shares of Fiat Auto
[C] the Agnelli family has a final say to whether Fiat Auto should be sold out
[D] Americans are better at running car campanies
答案：D A B A A
篇章剖析
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了菲亚特公司因业绩不佳而不得不裁员的情况。文章第一段介绍了菲亚特公司大规模裁员的情况;第二段介绍了菲亚特公司最近几年的亏损情况;第三段说明菲亚特公司裁员对当地的影响;第四段介绍了菲亚特公司所采取的措施;第五段做出结论：菲亚特公司极有可能落入美国人手中。
词汇注释
morose: [mE5rEJs] adj. 坏脾气的;忧郁的
slump: [slQmp] n. (物价)暴跌, 跌落
belated: [bI5leItId] adj. 来得太迟的
recapitalisation: 重新投资
patriarch：[5peitrB:k] n. 家长, 族长, 创办人
ailing: [5eIlIN] adj. 生病的
难句突破
Fiat's belated willingness to take tough steps to align capacity with demand is down to the group's new boss, Gabriele Galateri, chosen in June to rescue the firm, which is 30% owned by Agnelli family interests.
主体句式：Fiat’s belated willingness ..is down to the group’s new boss.
结构分析：这是一个复杂句。主语后面带有一个不定式短语作定于，过去分词chosen所带的短语作了boss的定语，后面还有一个which引导的非限定性定语从句。
句子译文：菲亚特迟迟不愿采取强硬措施使产需一致，直到六月份加布里埃莱·加拉泰雷临危受命，成为集团新任总裁，这种状况才有所改变。
题目分析
1. 答案为D，属事实细节题。根据文章第一段第提到，工厂老板将和工会领导就裁员的问题进行会晤，并宣布大批裁员，这是一年之内的第二次大规模裁员。虽然公司许诺大多数人只是暂时被解雇，但工人们怀疑工作是否还会回来。可见，令他们悲观的是自己将被解雇。
2. 答案为A，属事实细节题。文章第二段提到菲亚特汽车公司五年前生产260万辆汽车仍然能够盈利，而现在只生产190万辆汽车但仍然面临亏损的局面，可见菲亚特汽车的市场需求比以前下降很多。
3. 答案为B，属事实细节题。根据文章第三段，菲亚特裁员将会使地方失业率上升，让不想援助困难公司的贝卢斯科尼政府犯难(pose a nasty problem)。可见菲亚特裁员成了令意大利政府头痛的事情。
4. 答案为A，属事实细节题。文中谈到菲亚特汽车公司的问题时，也谈到了相应的措施(尽管没有直接说明)，比如裁员，换总裁，减少产量等。防止股价下跌是新任总裁制定的目标。这和措施不能混为一谈。
5. 答案为A，属推理判断题。根据文章最后一段，GE希望菲亚特自己把问题解决好，免得由GE接管。然而大多数分析人士认为菲亚特公司最终将落入美国人的手里，也就是说菲亚特的问题已经不是自己能够独立解决的了。
参考译文
位于都灵的米拉菲奥里(Mirafiori)大工厂是菲亚特集团下属菲亚特汽车公司的核心部门，该公司最近麻烦不断。10月9日下午2点早班工人下班回家的时候，悲观的情绪笼罩着人们。工人们知道工厂老板将于当天下午晚些时候在罗马会见工会领导人，宣布集团所有工厂范围内裁员8100人。这是继今年早些时候宣布裁员3000人之后的又一次裁员。工人们预计到明年七月，米拉菲奥里工厂的12000名员工有三分之一的人丢掉工作。菲亚特说除了500人外，所有其他人都只是暂时被解雇一年。但闷闷不乐的工人们在走出米拉菲奥里工厂大门时怀疑不论公司把新车型和未来的投资说得如何天花乱坠，工作也不会回来了。
菲亚特汽车公司今年将亏损近10亿欧元(合9.87亿美元)，这把集团其它部门的利润全部抵销了，这些部门制造的东西从卡车，拖拉机到机器人应有尽有。菲亚特的老板们多年来一直否认公司产能严重过剩，而这正是销售额下降，损失不断上升的原因。五年前菲亚特汽车公司每年生产260万辆汽车，年利润达到7.58亿欧元。从那以后，除了一年业绩稍好，其它几年是年年亏损。今年该公司计划只生产190万辆汽车。五月菲亚特公司迫于银行压力进行了结构调整，短短几星期后，菲亚特集团母公司的首席执行官就辞去了职务。
意大利北部的失业率虽然只有4%，但这对该地区仍然是一次重创。不过其它地方遭受的打击更为严重。位于西西里的泰尔米尼-伊梅雷塞工厂将要裁员1800人。工会说供应商的减少可能会使失业人数增加一倍。当地官方统计的失业率已经达到了18%(虽然这个数字忽略了活跃的“非正式”经济)。这给西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼政府出了一道难题，他的政府虽然在西西里获得的民意支持很高，但并不打算帮助那些陷入困境的公司。
菲亚特迟迟不愿采取强硬措施使产需一致，直到六月份加布里埃莱·加拉泰雷临危受命，成为集团新任总裁，这种状况才有所改变。他肩负拯救这家由阿格里尼家族控股30%的公司的重任。他的目标就是恢复公司信用，阻止公司股价大幅下跌，让银行相信他正在梳理菲亚特汽车公司的这堆乱麻，以便赢得他们的支持，给公司继续投资。
通用汽车公司的老板们正密切关注着意大利的局势。该公司持有菲亚特汽车公司20%的股份。从2004年一月起，意大利人就可以把剩余股份卖给通用公司。而通用公司在欧洲的麻烦已经不少，在万不得已接管之前，它巴不得菲亚特汽车公司能够自己把问题解决好。虽然阿格里尼家族的首领，81岁高龄，体弱多病的乔万尼·阿格里尼反对这笔交易，大多数分析家认为意大利人最引以为傲的制造公司将最终落入美国人的手中。
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