2018考研英语语法口诀和记忆方法(2)

　　2018考研英语写作常见语法错误

　　1.检查谓语动词的时态是否有错。

　　例 1：

　　a) We college students had enough time to take a parttime job, no matter how busy we were ...

　　b) We college students have enough time to take a parttime job, no matter how busy we are ...

　　命题作文一般都是议论文，而写议论文所采用的时态一般都是现在时态。只有在举例或提到过去的事时才会用到过去时态。

　　例 2：

　　a) Riding bicycles had more advantages than taking a bus.

　　b) Riding bicycles has more advantages than taking a bus.

　　考生中用过去时写作与他们教材课文体裁(大多为叙述文、说明文)和平时写作练习(大多写个人经历的故事)有关，也与他们过度概括有关，认为所有文章都用过去时。

　　例 3:

　　a) There are so many countries using English that it had been regarded as an international language.

　　b) There are so many countries using English that it has been regarded as an international language.

　　注意：在论述同一事情，即发生在同一时间里的事时，前后半句或相邻的几句在时态上要保持一致。

　　2.检查主语和谓语、名词和代词、以及人称是否保持一致。

　　例 4：

　　a) The eating habit of Chinese people have changed in the past decade.

　　b) The eating habit of Chinese people has changed in the past decade.

　　注意：不管主语和谓语隔开多远，主语当中还有修饰成分，谓语要和真正的主语在数上保持一致。

　　例 5：

　　a) Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.

　　b) Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.

　　例 6：

　　a) I feel proud to come to our university.

　　b) I feel proud to come to this university.

　　注意：our和主语 I不一致，或把 our改成 my，或改成 this。而这里用 this 较妥。

　　3. 检查修饰语是否放在正确的位置上。

　　例1：

　　a) Without television, people can't get information which comes from other parts of the world immediately.

　　b) Without television, people can't immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.

　　分析：a) 句子中，immediately 显然放错了位置。是"得到迅速从各地传来的消息"，还是"迅速得到从各地传来的消息"?意思含糊不清。

　　例2：

　　a) At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons.

　　b) When I was five years old, my father began to give me English lessons.

　　分析：a) 句子，At the age of six 放在这个位置上，变成了"我父亲六岁的时候"。改变说法，可以解决这个问题。

　　例 3:

　　a) To improve one's writing skill, regular practice is necessary.

　　b) To improve one's writing skill, one must make regular practice.

　　分析：不定式短语的逻辑主语决不是regular practice，为了把逻辑关系表达清楚，要么把不定式短语改成If one wants to improve his writing skill，要么把主句改成one must make regular practice.

　　4.表示相同的意思，检查是否使用了平行语法结构。

　　例 4：

　　a) With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and read at home.

　　b) With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and reading at home.

　　分析：can do shopping, banking and read at home, 用语法平行结构来衡量，用动词原形 read是不妥的，为了和 do shopping, do banking 保持结构上平行，接下来的一个内容要用do reading.

　　例 5：

　　a) Nowadays, people not only eat enough food, but also eat better.

　　b) Nowadays, people not only eat more, but also eat better.

　　用 not only...but also, both...and, whether...or, either...or, as well as, along with等能连接两个成分的连词，前后两个成分在结构上要保持一致。用 eat enough food, eat better不如用 eat more, eat better，都用副词。

　　5. 用代词时，检查指代关系是否清楚。

　　例1：

　　a) Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden theyhave to bear.

　　b) Sometimes a teacher will inform students of the heavy burden he has to bear.

　　分析：they 既可指代teachers, 也可指代 students，明显的是指代不清。其实只要把其中一个名词变成单数，用he和 they分别代不同的名词，就清楚了。因为 a teacher也可泛指所有教师。

　　例2：

　　a) Someone believes that the teacher's task is to give students knowledge, which may not be true.

　　b) Someone believes that the teacher's task is to give students knowledge, a notion which may not be true.

　　分析：which指代什么不清楚，指 knowledge，还是指前面整个句子?如果指 Someone believes，最好用 a notion或an idea归纳一下整个句子的意思，然后引出从句。

　　例3：

　　a) People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials, but it often proves useless.

　　b) People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials, but the effort often proves useless.

　　分析：it 指什么?如指influence，则在 it often proves useless 这个句子中显然不通。写作人知道it指人们的努力，但effort 这个词前面没有出现过，就不能用it。

　　6. 相邻的句子，检查是否避免了不必要的结构转变

　　例4：

　　a) While we reuce the number of vehicles, the speed of traffic can be increased.

　　b) While the number of vehiles is reduced, the speed of traffic is increased.

　　注意：两个非常相关的意思，不要一个使用主动结构，一个使用被动结构。

　　7.检查可数名词与不可数名词是否用得正确

　　例5：

　　a) TV presents us with many useful informations.

　　b) TV presents us with a lot of useful information.

　　分析：还有evidence, advice, knowledge等都是不可数名词，都不能用复数。另外， many, a great number of, another, few 等只能与可数名词配用。而a great amount of, a great deal of, less, much, 等应与不可数名词配用。

　　例6：

　　a) Making our cities greener is not an easy work.

　　b) Making our cities greener is not an easy job.

　　分析：work 用作可数名词是"作品"这类意思，而表示"工作"时，不可数。同样，在 Word has been sent out that those who cheat on exams will be punished.这个句子中，要用单数word表示"信息"。

　　在限时、紧张的写作中，出现错误，尤其是语言上的错误是不可避免的。如果把这些错误留在那里，不得到改正，就会影响整篇文章的质量。阅卷人虽然不大会按你文章中语言错误的累计数目进行扣分，但错误，尤其是一些幼稚的错误，会给阅卷人员留下不好的印象，从而影响文章的分数。因此建议大家在写完之后务必要对自己的写作进行检查，修改基本语法错误。

　　从句的辨认方法

　　从句=从属连词+句子

　　了解了从句的基本结构，那么应该如何辨别从句类型呢?学生可以在句子中通过简单的公式进行辨认。常见的从句出现形式有四类：

　　1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句

　　2. 动词+从属连词+句子=宾语从句/表语从句

　　3. × +从属连词+句子=状语从句

　　4. 从属连词+句子+动词=主语从句