托福阅读语法知识：状语前置
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托福阅读语法知识：状语前置
1. 构成：把由副词、介词、现在分词、动词不定式形成的小短语放在句首。
2. 效果：为长句铺垫短状语，跌宕起伏。
例文分析：
1.Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.
2. Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspective in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness.
3. Unfortunately, professionals from other fields who make a much greater contribution to human society, are paid so much less that it is hard to disagree with the statement.
4. In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.
5. In addition to/ apart from the financial benefits, some jobs bring intellectually rewards.
6. There are not many job opportunities available. Accordingly, the competition for jobs is increasingly fierce.
7. Oddly enough / strange enough, most people seem to enjoy saying which ones are bad, and then say some are slightly better.
8. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves.
9.Interestingly, a reasonable amount of pressure seems to make the majority of employees more productive.
10. The consumption of food and clothing came down after 1980. Similarly, fuel prices fell quite considerably.
11. Specifically, some laws prohibit acts of this kind.
12. In terms of technology, their adult world will be changing constantly.
13. Just like the movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.
14. Like self-awareness, this is also difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness.
15. In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of technology.
16. In some cases, an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality.
17. As a result of media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities.
18. Struggling in poverty, people in these countries believe international aid is essential and should be continued.
19. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive.
20. Without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means pointless to try to keep traditions alive with technology.
常见的还有：traditionally/ historically/ essentially/ In essence等
实例讲解从状语从句入手解决托福阅读长难句
例1
Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
托福阅读文章句子成分分析：Ordinary meteoric water 是句子的主语，is 是系动词， that引导的的定语从句修饰water,并在定语从句中做主语，has soaked谓语。
托福阅读翻译：普通的气象水是由来自地表，雨雪降水以及湖泊溪流渗透到地下形成的。
例2
For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.
As引导时间状语从句， the great ice sheets 是从句的主语，that 引导定语从句并作从句的主语修饰the great ice sheets ，melted away从句的谓语。Huge volumes of water是主句的主语，flowed是主句的谓语 。
翻译：例如，当最后一个冰河时代时期覆盖北美的大量冰原渐渐融化的时候，大量的水从中流出。
例3
In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
托福阅读高分策略句子成分分析：In that case介词短语作状语，climax communities 句子的主语，would be 谓语动词， since表原因。
翻译：那样的话，顶级群落将是最脆落的也是最不稳定的，因为它们需要几百年才能恢复到顶级群落的状态。
例4
It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age.
句子成分分析：it 做形式主语，that 从句做真正的主语
翻译：在最后一个冰川时期，亚洲移民慢慢穿越白令陆桥殖民美洲，这是长期以来被人们接受的。白令陆桥就是现在位于亚洲东北部和阿拉斯加洲之间的白令海峡。
例5
Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage：streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
句子成分解析：这是一个由and 连接的并列句。And 之后的句子，是一个复合句，although 引导让步状语从句。
翻译：这些力的来源中只有最后一种完全适合机器的持续运转;并且，尽管水力在L和S这两个地方很丰富，它还使谷物磨坊和纺织厂运作，但水力有个很大的劣势：溪水流向自然要让它们去的地方并且靠水驱动的工厂必须坐落在河边，不管这个位置对于其他因素是不是合理。
例6
Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.
句子成分分析：early in the century是时间状语，and 连接两个并列句
翻译：在本世纪早期，在泵的使用过程中，扩张的蒸汽推动气缸中活塞向上升，然后当气缸中的蒸汽冷凝后，形成真空状态，大气压力使活塞又降下来。
托福阅读真题1
In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents — New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.
The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.
Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900's
(B) The development of the Southern California oil fields
(C) Factors contributing to the growth of Los Angeles
(D) Industry and city planning in Los Angeles
2. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as
resulting primarily from
(A) new economic conditions
(B) images of cities shown in movies
(C) new agricultural techniques
(D) a large migrant population
3. The word meteoric in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) rapid
(B) famous
(C) controversial
(D) methodical
4. The word it in line 8 refers to
(A) aqueduct
(B) vision
(C) water
(D) agricultural potential
5. According to the passage , the most important factor in the development of agriculture around
Los Angeles was the
(A) influx of new residents to agricultural areas near the city
(B) construction of an aqueduct
(C) expansion of transportation facilities
(D) development of new connections to the city's natural harbor
6. According to the passage , the initial success of Hollywood' s motion picture industry was due
largely to the
(A) availability of many skilled workers
(B) beauty of the countryside
(C) region's reputation for luxurious lifestyles
(D) region's climate and good weather
7. It can be inferred from the passage that in 1930 the greatest number of people in the Los
Angeles area were employed in
(A) farming
(B) oil refining
(C) automobile manufacturing
(D) the motion picture industry
8. According to the passage , the Southern California oil fields were initially exploited due to
(A) the fuel requirements of Los Angeles' rail system
(B) an increase in the use of gasoline engines in North America
(C) a desire to put unproductive desert land to good use
(D) innovative planning on the part of the city founders
9. The phrase apace with in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) anew with
(B) apart from
(C) as fast as
(D) at the middle of
10. It can be inferred from the passage that the spatial organization of Los Angeles contributed to
the relative decline there of
(A) public transportation
(B) industrial areas
(C) suburban neighborhoods
(D) oil fields
11. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles
(A) was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood images
(B) lacked good suburban areas in which to live
(C) had an excessively large population
(D) was not really a single city
PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA D
托福阅读真题2
Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.
The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements — had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful shoe boss and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.
For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America
(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers
(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America
(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods
2. The word boosted in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) ensured
(B) raised
(C) arranged
(D) discouraged
3. The word scope in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) value
(B) popularity
(C) extent
(D) diversity
4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how
(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system
(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output
(C) rural workers responded to shoe bosses
(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes
5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's
and 1830's EXCEPT
(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs
(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers
(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production
(D) a decrease in the price of shoes
6. All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT
(A) It involved stages of production.
(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.
(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.
(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.
7. The word prolific in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) efficient
(B) productive
(C) self-employed
(D) progressive
8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by
Oliver Evans?
(A) They were located away from large cities.
(B) They used new technology to produce power.
(C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.
(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.
9. The word it in line 25 refers to
(A) water power
(B) machinery
(C) grain
(D) mill
10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory
machinery?
(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.
(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.
(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.
(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.
11. The word eager in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealthy
(B) knowledgeable
(C) regular
(D) enthusiastic
PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D
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