托福写作如何举例最有效
举例子是托福写作中常用的手法，那么托福写作如何举例最有效你知道吗？一起来看看吧！
托福写作如何举例最有效
方法一：举例----缩小范围来论证。
如动物→鸟类，现代交通方式→飞机，上面的举例是最简单的形式，即对单个词/短语，或说单个对象举例。我们在独立写作中会遇到对单个对象的举例，这也是大家都能做好的;但我们更常遇到的是需要对一个句子，或说多个对象互相联系而串成的观点举例的情况，这时我们就需要留意我们所举的例子的有效性了。
举例的基本原则：
a. 细节性原则----细于被举例者。
b. 一致性原则----良好体现与要用举例证明的观点的一致对应关系，观点中的重点信息应在例子中不多不少地体现。
举例的具体操作方法：
粗举，细举，引调查，列数字。
(1)粗例----粗犷的例子
"粗例"即一类人、物或事，或一个公认事实的例子，说白了就是多数人都能认可的信息。寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松，只要在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息然后"narrow down"就可以了
观点1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
粗例1： International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
"粗例"可以建立"面"对"线"的关系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同时也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比较论证来使用，才能使整个段落更有血肉。
(2)细例----细致的例子
"细例"就是具体到一个人、一个物，或一件事，可以是实际存在的，也可以无中生有。这类例子更加鲜活，更有说服力，通常也能占据更长一些的篇幅，平时有意识地积累并灵活联系，写起这类例子来才会更加得心应手。
a. 实际存在的，一方面，这类例子可以是身边，家人、朋友、自己和身边发生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被报道出来的“名事”了
观点2： Mistakes serve as vivid， sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
细例2： A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals， the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking， but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.
观点3： You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
细例3： Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored， but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
b. 此外，"细例"的无中生有就是假设论证，常用if，supposing等开头
观点4： Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
细例4： If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars， there will be far fewer automobiles on the road， greatly easing the traffic burden.
【干货】托福写作中该如何举例子?
很多学生在写托福作文的时候，最大的苦恼无外乎是该如何举例子?经常会听到学生说，“老师这个例子好假啊?我这个例子写得好长啊，考试的时候会不会来不及啊?一定要举例子吗?举名人的例子会不会得分高啊?我要不要专门花时间去背名人的例子啊?”针对上述问题，我们先来做一个统一的解答。
1. 托福考试是语言测试，关注的是你的例子能否证明主题句，逻辑是否合理，语言表达是否流畅 ，因而符合事实逻辑的例子，都可以写，不要纠结真实性，不要纠结是名人例子还是个人例子，更不用为了分数去大量背诵名人的例子。
2. 例子的重要性体现在说服力上而不是字数上，只要把能证明你主题句的核心内容提取出来即可，不要过分堆砌。
那么究竟如何去写一个合格的例子呢?细心的同学应该注意到题目中有这样的一句话：“use specific reasons and examples to support your answer ”， 其中reasons(也称作 reasoning)为我们讲的逻辑说理，而examples就是例子了。我们建议每一个主体段都要写例子，例子需要是非常具体的事情，要和逻辑说理部分区分开。在这里，我们对一个合格的例子，提出两点要求，即：相关性和细节性。
一.相关性
很多学生的文章中，观点和例子丝毫没有关联度，这样的例子是无效的。所以必须要明确一点，举例子是为了什么?举例子是为了说明主题句(划重点)。建议各位同学写例子之前回头看看主题句，做到心中有数，明确自己写例子究竟是用来证明什么。
例如，我的主题句是“早起学习效率高。”那么要证明“早起学习效率高”，必须有以下四个要素：1. 首先必须确定一位主人翁A;2. 其次A同学起的很早;3. 并且A童鞋把早起的时间都用在学习上了;4. 效果很好;
再比如，我的主题句是“参与间隔年有助于学生们的专业择。”那么要证明这个主题句，必须要满足这四个要素： 1. 首先必须确定一位主人翁B; 2. B同学在间隔年中做了哪些事? 3. B同学之后选择了什么专业?(间隔年中做的事要和之后选择的专业要有一定的关联度)4. 这个选择很明智;
二. 细节性
区别于其他的写作考试，托福写作最大的一个特点是例子必须要细化，可以具体到某个人，点名道姓，他的具体行为和感触也有相关涉及。那么该如何做到细化例子呢?接着上面的sample继续看。
Sample 1:
主题句：早起学起效率高。
例子：1. 主人翁A：可以具象到身份，人名—my dorm mate Jason
2. A 同学起得早：可以具体到几点起床—get up at 7:00 a.m
3. 花时间学习：可以具体到学什么—memorize new English words/ practice listening/ imitate pronunciation from MP3
4. 效果很好：become proficient in English
参考段落：
First and foremost, morning is the prime time for a student to absorb knowledge. It is because after a whole night’s rest, one’s body is usually at its best in the morning, with the brain being very awake and active. At this moment, students’ learning efficiency is so high that they could memorize the most key points and handle the most difficult part of a subject in a day’s study. For example, one of my dorm mates, Jason, is proficient in English. He gets up at 7 o’clock every morning and goes to the classroom to memorize new English words or imitate the pronunciation from MP3.
Sample 2:
主题句： 参与间隔年有助于学生们的专业选择。
例子：1. 主人翁B： my classmate Jenny
2. 间隔年中做了什么事：looking after orphans and helping communities
3. 选择的专业：public affairs management
4. 结果：a wise option
参考段落：
Firstly, during the gap year, students can get a better understanding of themselves and make a right choice about their majors in universities. Over the period from primary school to high school, most students lost the ability to think independently of what they wanted because they had to take care of their academic performances. If they are given an opportunity to engage in some meditation and social practices, they are likely to discover their true callings. I read from newspapers that an American high school graduate spent a gap year looking after orphans, and later he selected public affairs management as his college major, which turned out to be a wise choice.
托福写作如何改进转折句
“there be句型”变为被动语态
试比较
1. She used to be indifferent to the outside world, but an interloper changed her.
2. Her indifference to the outside world was changed by and interloper.
把but后面的句子改为短小插入语
试比较
1. Driven by an interest in words, Claire kept trying poetry, novelsand literature analyses, but she hardly succeeded in any of these endeavors at the very beginning.
2. Driven by an interest in words, Claire kept trying poetry, novels and literature analyses—all with little initial success.
把but后面部分改为更紧凑的从句
试比较
1. It was meant to be a brief parting, but it turned into a long, lingering one.
2. What was meant to be a brief parting turned into a long, lingering one.
第二句读起来更加集中、紧凑，并且去掉了"It was, but it…”等鸡肋部分。
积累一些可能替换but的连接词
e.g. however/nonetheless/nevertheless/yet/whereas/while...
试比较
1. Once arriving home, she starts to review all the notes, not necessarily because the teacher requires her to do so,but because she encourages herself to study hard.
2. Once arriving home,she starts to review all the notes, as much from the requirement of the teacher,as from herself-encouragement.
总结
对于but这一最为常见的转折，我们可以从“是否可以直接去掉?是否可以改为插入语等句子成分?是否可以改为更为紧凑的从句?是否有其他替换表达?”这个方面进行思考。
但应该指出，应该建立在“自己有把握判断原句与改进后句子的风格与质量”的基础上进行。有时候，不一定改的就比原句更好，短的不一定就更简洁。
托福考试复习攻略：地道美式作文必备60词
aid=assist(帮助，援助)
alter=change or modify(改变)
ask=inquire(询问)
assail=denounce(谴责)
axe=dismiss\reduce(解雇，减少)
balk=impede(阻碍)
ban=prohibit or forbid(禁止)
bar=prevent(防止，阻止)
bare=expose or reveal(暴露，揭露)
blast=explode(爆炸)
begin=commence(开始)
bid=attempt(努力)
bilk=cheat(欺骗)
bolt=desert or abandon(放弃)
boost=increase(增加，提高)
check=examine(检查)
claim=ause the death of…(夺去……的生命)
clash=disagree strong1y(发生分歧，争议)
curb=control or restrict(控制)
dip=decIlne or decrease(下降)
ease=lessen(减轻，缓和)
end=terminate(结束，中止)
flay=criticize(批评)
flout=insult(侮辱)
foil=prevent from(阻止，防止)
grill = investigate(调查)
gut=destroy(摧毁)
head=direct(率领)
hold=arrest(逮捕)
laud=praise(赞扬)
lop=diminish(下降，减少)
map=work out(制订)
mark=celebrate(庆祝)
name=appoint\nominate(命名，提名)
moot=discuss(讨论)
mull=consider(考虑)
nab=arrest(逮捕)
nip=defeat(击败)
ease=lessen(减轻，缓和)
end=terminate(结束，中止)
flay=criticize(批评)
flout=insult(侮辱)
foil=prevent from(阻止，防止)
grill = investigate(调查)
gut=destroy(摧毁)
head=direct(率领)
hold=arrest(逮捕)
laud=praise(赞扬)
lop=diminish(下降，减少)
map=work out(制订)
mark=celebrate(庆祝)
name=appoint\nominate(命名，提名)
moot=discuss(讨论)
mull=consider(考虑)
nab=arrest(逮捕)
nip=defeat(击败)
slay=murder(谋杀)
soar=skyrocket(急剧上升)
spur=encourage(激励，鞭策)
swap=exchange(交流，交换)
sway=influence(影响)
trim=reduce(削减)
vie=compete(竞争)
vow=determine(决心，发誓)
weigh=consider(考虑)
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