托福阅读机经练习：温血海龟
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托福阅读机经练习：温血海龟
A Warm-Blooded Turtle
When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms. Nonetheless, an adult leatherback can maintain a body temperature of between 25 and 26°C (77-79°F) in seawater that is only 8°C (46.4°F). Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle’s body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters. Leatherbacks apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do, or the way birds do, as a by-product of cellular metabolism. A leatherback may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface; its dark, almost black body color may help it to absorb solar radiation. However, most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles.
Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7°C (12.6°F) warmer than the waters it swims through....
托福阅读题目:海龟日照
托福阅读考试日期
2017年7月01日
C卷
Passage 3
托福阅读题目难度分析
简单
托福阅读内容
生物：海龟日照。海龟会在太阳下晒很长时间，即使不舒服也会继续晒，科学家探明原因
海龟体温调节的方式
Temperature Regulation in Turtles
Pond turtle喜欢晒太阳，通过晒太阳来保持体温：紫外线会促进维生素D的合成，有助于龟的生长，促进消化，帮助去除algea和leech。
小型龟依靠不同环境之间的转化来调节体温microclimate，树荫啊都是龟很喜欢的环境，有意思的是，如果龟对环境越熟悉，调节体温的速度就越快，因为熟悉环境的龟更容易找到哪个地方暖和，哪个地方凉爽。
大型龟通过寻找大型的遮挡物来调节体温，非常悲催的一个现象：在夏天，大型龟需要在沙滩上找食物，但沙滩上又很少有树荫和遮挡物，哪怕有，也会被体型大的龟占领，如果抢不到食物而坚持觅食，就会因为体温过热而死掉。
大型龟在海洋里又是另一种情况：大型龟在海里可以通过肌肉活动来调节体温，身材大对保温是一个优势，具体可以参照，第一，动物体型越大，表面和体积的比例越小。体重每增加一盎司，相应的容易流失热量的表面就越少。第二，通过厚厚的绝缘脂(脂肪)来维持体温。第三，通过逆流交换系统中，血管将鳍部冷却的血液与身体其他部位温热的血液进行交换来维持体温。
托福阅读版本二
一开始说海龟会在太阳下晒很长的时间，即使他们不舒服了也会继续晒，科学家就想探明原因。
可能是为了提高身体温度，但是有些海龟在没有太阳的时候也会晒，而且有些体温和水没有太多差别。
有些海龟不晒，有些晒了之后下水热度会迅速消失
雌性和雄性有差，因为雌性要去feed，去繁殖，晒太阳的时间就少了
托福双语阅读资料：美国情侣不结婚
Fear of the trauma of divorce is stopping many young couples from walking down the aisle， a university report has found.
一项大学研究发现，许多美国年轻情侣不结婚是因为怕遭受离婚的创伤。
With the share of married adults at an all-time low in the United States， the latest research by demographers at Cornell University and the University of Central Oklahoma unveils clues why couples don‘t get married - they fear divorce.
眼下美国已婚人士的比例降到了史上最低点，康奈尔大学和中央俄克拉荷马大学的人口统计学家做的最新研究揭示了为什么美国情侣们不结婚——他们怕离婚。
Among cohabitating couples， more than two-thirds of the study’s respondents admitted to concerns about dealing with the social， legal， emotional and economic consequences of a possible divorce.
接受调查的同居情侣有超过三分之二的人承认自己担心如果离婚将要应对社会、法律、情感和经济等一系列后果。
The study， “The Specter of Divorce： Views from Working and Middle-Class Cohabitors，” is published in the journal Family Relations and is co-authored by Sharon Sassler， Cornell professor of policy analysis and management， and Dela Kusi-Appouh， a Cornell doctoral student in the field of development sociology.
这一研究名为《离婚的阴霾：工人阶层和中产阶层同居者看婚姻》，发表在《家庭关系》杂志上，由康奈尔大学的政策分析与管理学教授莎伦 萨斯勒和发展社会学方向的博士生德拉 库西-阿坡共同撰写。
Roughly two out of three - 67 percent -of the study‘s respondents shared their worries about divorce.
约三分之二(67%)的被调查者吐露了他们对于离婚的担忧。
Despite the concerns， middle-class subjects spoke more favorably about tying the knot and viewed cohabitation as a natural stepping stone to marriage compared to their working-class counterparts.
尽管年轻人怕离婚，但中产阶层的年轻人相对于工人阶层的年轻人还是比较赞成结婚的，他们把同居视为自然地走向婚姻的垫脚石。
Lower-income women， in particular， disproportionately expressed doubts about the “trap” of marriage， fearing that it could be hard to exit if things go wrong or it would lead to additional domestic responsibilities but few benefits.
担忧婚姻会成为“牢笼”的低收入女性比重尤为突出，她们害怕如果婚姻不如意将难以持续，或认为结婚会带来额外的家庭负担而却没多少好处。
The study also found working-class cohabitating couples were more apt to view marriage as “just a piece of paper，” nearly identical to their existing relationship.
研究还发现，工人阶层的同居情侣更倾向于认为婚姻“只是一张纸”，和他们现有的关系几乎没什么两样。
They were twice as likely to admit fears about being stuck in marriage with no way out once they were relying on their partners’ share of income to get by.
他们承认自己害怕一旦要依靠另一半的收入过日子便无法从婚姻牢笼中逃脱，有这种想法的工人阶层年轻人是中产阶层年轻人的两倍。
The authors hope that their findings could help premarital counselors to better tailor their lessons to assuage widespread fears of divorce and to target the specific needs of various socioeconomic classes.
作者希望他们的发现可以帮助婚前咨询师更好地调整课程，以舒缓人们对离婚的普遍恐惧，并能针对不同社会经济阶层的特定需要进行授课。
托福阅读材料分享：Never sell your soul
My fellow job seekers: I am honored to be among the first to congratulate you on completing your years at North Carolina A&T. But all of you should know: as Mother's Daygifts go, this one is going to be tough to beat in the years ahead.
The purpose of a commencement speaker is to dispense wisdom. But the older I get, the more I realize that the most important wisdom I've learned in life has come from my mother and my father. Before we go any further, let's hear it one more time for your mothers and mother figures, fathers and father figures, family, and friends in the audience today.
When I first received the invitation to speak here, I was the CEO of an billion Fortune 11 company with 145,000 employees in 178 countries around the world. I held that job for nearly six years. It was also a company that hired its fair share of graduates from North Carolina A&T. You could always tell who they were. For some reason, they were the ones that had stickers on their desks that read, "Beat the Eagles."
But as you may have heard, I don't have that job anymore. After the news of my departure broke, I called the school, and asked: do you still want me to come and be your commencement speaker?
Chancellor Renick put my fears to rest. He said, "Carly, if anything, you probably have more in common with these students now than you did before." And he's right. After all, I've been working on my resume. I've been lining up my references. I bought a new interview suit. If there are any recruiters here, I'll be free around 11.
I want to thank you for having me anyway. This is the first public appearance I've made since I left HP. I wanted very much to be here because this school has always been set apart by something that I've believed very deeply; something that takes me back to the earliest memories I have in life.
One day at church, my mother gave me a small coaster with a saying on it. During my entire childhood, I kept this saying in front of me on a small desk in my room. In fact, I can still show you that coaster today. It says: "What you are is God's gift to you. What you make of yourself is your gift to God."
Those words have had a huge impact on me to this day. What this school and I believe in very deeply is that when we think about our lives, we shouldn't be limited by other people's stereotypes or bigotry. Instead, we should be motivated by our own sense of possibility. We should be motivated by our own sense of accomplishment. We should be motivated by what we believe we can become. Jesse Jackson has taught us; Ronald McNair taught us; the Greensboro Four taught us; that the people who focus on possibilities achieve much more in life than people who focus on limitations.
The question for all of you today is: how will you define what you make of yourself?
To me, what you make of yourself is actually two questions. There's the "you" that people see on the outside. And that's how most people will judge you, because it's all they can see what you become in life, whether you were made President of this, or CEO of that, the visible you.
But then, there's the invisible you, the "you" on the inside. That's the person that only you and God can see. For 25 years, when people have asked me for career advice, what I always tell them is don't give up what you have inside. Never sell your soul. Because no one can ever pay you back.
What I mean by not selling your soul is don't be someone you're not, don't be less than you are, don't give up what you believe, because whatever the consequences that may seem scary or bad -- whatever the consequences of staying true to yourself are -- they are much better than the consequences of selling your soul.
You have been tested mightily in your life to get to this moment. And all of you know much better than I do: from the moment you leave this campus, you will be tested. You will be tested because you won't fit some people's pre-conceived notions or stereotypes of what you're supposed to be, of who you're supposed to be. People will have stereotypes of what you can or can't do, of what you will or won't do, of what you should or shouldn't do. But they only have power over you if you let them have power over you. They can only have control if you let them have control, if you give up what's inside.
I speak from experience. I've been there. I've been there, in admittedly vastly different ways -- and in many ways, in the fears in my heart, exactly the same places. The truth is I've struggled to have that sense of control since the day I left college.
I was afraid the day I graduated from college. I was afraid of what people would think. Afraid I couldn't measure up. I was afraid of making the wrong choices. I was afraid of disappointing the people who had worked so hard to send me to college.
I had graduated with a degree in medieval history and philosophy. If you had a job that required knowledge of Copernicus or 12th Century European monks, I was your person. But that job market wasn't very strong.
So, I was planning to go to law school, not because it was a lifelong dream. Because I thought it was expected of me. Because I realized that I could never be the artist my mother was, so I would try to be the lawyer my father was. So, I went off to law school. For the first three months, I barely slept. I had a blinding headache every day. And I can tell you exactly which shower tile I was looking at in my parent's bathroom on a trip home when it hit me like a lightning bolt. This is my life. I can do what I want. I have control. I walked downstairs and said, "I quit."
I will give my parents credit in some ways. That was 1976. They could have said, "Oh well, you can get married." Instead, they said, "We're worried that you'll never amount to anything." It took me a while to prove them wrong. My first job was working for a brokerage firm. I had a title. It was not "VP." It was "receptionist." I answered phones, I typed, I filed. I did that for a year. And then, I went and lived in Italy, teaching English to Italian businessmen and their families. I discovered that I liked business. I liked the pragmatism of it; the pace of it. Even though it hadn't been my goal, I became a businessperson.
I like big challenges, and the career path I chose for myself at the beginning was in one of the most male-dominated professions in America. I went to work for AT&T. It didn't take me long to realize that there were many people there who didn't have my best interests at heart.
I began my career as a first level sales person within AT&T's long lines department. Now, "long lines" is what we used to call the long distance business, but I used to refer to the management team at AT&T as the "42 longs" which was their suit size, and all those suits and faces looked the same.
I'll never forget the first time my boss at the time introduced me to a client. With a straight face, he said "this is Carly Fiorina, our token bimbo." I laughed, I did my best to dazzle the client, and then I went to the boss when the meeting was over and said, "You will never do that to me again."
In those early days, I was put in a program at the time called the Management Development Program. It was sort of an accelerated up-or-out program, and I was thrown into the middle of a group of all male sales managers who had been there quite a long time, and they thought it was their job to show me a thing or two. A client was coming to town and we had decided that we were getting together for lunch to introduce me to this customer who was important to one of my accounts.
Now the day before this meeting was to occur, one of my male colleagues came to me and said, "You know, Carly, I'm really sorry. I know we've had this planned for a long time, but this customer has a favorite restaurant here in Washington, D.C., and they really want to go to that restaurant, and we need to do what the customer wants, and so I don't think you'll be able to join us."
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