托福阅读经典加试Title:SaltIndustryinVenice试题及答案

托福阅读加试分为经典加试和非经典加试，一般情况下考生遇到的情况都是经典加试，即所加试的题目都是固定的几篇。这里小编为就为大家整理了托福阅读经典加试威尼斯盐业内容分享给大家，希望对大家托福备考有帮助。

托福阅读经典加试 Title: Salt Industry in Venice 试题及答案

阅读经典加试 3Title: Salt Industry in Venice

概述：

第一段：威尼斯原本也是产盐的，但是产fine salt 精盐，但是需要粗盐coarse salt的时候，就要进口，有一次天灾，产盐区1/3都受到影响，所以要import. (问什么时候要进口，双选)。

第二段：政府给盐商补偿金subsidy. (这里有一个指代题) 这个补偿金后来越来越高，商人宁愿花高价去收购盐，以获得它。补偿金enable商人从东地中海eastern Mediterranean进口印度香料spice, 以及rice,再贩卖到西欧。(问他们为什么愿意花高价买盐)。说香料和米利润高，于是威尼斯就发达了。

第三段：和中国政府不一样，威尼斯官方不拥有盐，但是对盐业起到调节作用。(此处问中国是什么样的。选的是官方是拥有盐，并且对盐业调节)。威尼斯给商人发牌照license,还制定盐的价格，要求在哪里买等。它们还负责maintain一些建筑(此处有词汇题，是形容建筑的)。 (又有一问，是排除列举题，问以下哪一个不是威尼斯政府的职能。选的是permit商人制定的价格，价格是官方定的。其他三个选项是：发牌照;定价格;保护建筑)

第四段：说他们的生意越做越大，从哪里到哪里(range from……to…..这个是插入题)。

第五段：威尼斯很注重它们的reputation.重视state, 签订contract合同。合同里规定stipulate(词汇题，选项为require; assume; suggest) 威尼斯是它们的唯一供应商。

第六段：有一次希腊那边供给出了问题，威尼斯还是履行了合同，就是为了维护他的市场。(有考到词汇题ruthlessly无情地; 答案应该是without mercy) 威尼斯还有了自己的舰队，也是为了让大家conform with。(问关于舰队的题目，问为什么提到它。是因为它也是一种手段)

最后一题是全文总结题。

托福阅读文章的出处及选材范围

托福阅读是托福考试(TOEFL iBT)中的第一项考查科目，即便在传统意义上被认为是最容易拿高分的一项，但因此轻视而导致托福成绩不佳的同学也大有人在。需要正确认识的是：托福阅读技能贯穿了整个托福考试：托福听力题目选项的快速浏览、托福口语题干背景的准确把握、以及托福综合写作短篇论点论据的有效定位，均需要快速高效的阅读能力配合完成。从阅读分数所占的总分比重来看，可以毫不夸张的说"失阅读者失全局"。

想要取得托福阅读的好成绩，首先需要熟悉其考察内容及特点：文章出处在哪里，主题范围有哪些;文章类型有几种，篇章段落结构有何特点;以及文章本身的量化指标。只有把这些问题搞清楚，才能明确我们应该采取何种阅读技巧和解题策略。

那么托福阅读的文章出处以及选材范围究竟是什么呢?

作为一项语言能力测试，托福考试是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此，其阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材，以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。

文章的选材范围极其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。

从选材范围可见：托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求，但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业，对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质，因此为了遵守考试公平性原则，文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。

新托福阅读机经背景知识

BACKGROUND/DISCUSSION

Songbirds include those birds from the order Passeriformes, commonly called passerines. There are approximately 5,400 different species of passerines. The suborder Oscine includes those birds that we tend to think of as your typical songbird, those birds that have complex songs as adults. In the majority of Oscines, the male is the one with the complex singing ability, and there is much diversity among males of different species in the length and complexity of their songs.

Song needs to be developed, just like any other characteristic of songbird behavior. Singing the correct song for that species is not an instinctual process. The need to sing is instinctual, however what song to sing has been found to be learned. When and where young songbirds learn their songs has long been studied. Just as songbirds differ in their songs, they also differ in their song learning process, though some basic principles seem to be the same. Many species learn their song only during the first few months, though a few can learn songs their entire lives. Also differing between species is from who the songs are learned, and how much of the songs are accurately imitated.

Some species may exactly copy the songs they are exposed to. On the other hand, many will not exactly imitate the song or songs that they have been exposed to. Instead they will take bits and pieces of it and invent their own song, though usually similar in construction to that which the species normally sings.

重点词汇：

Passerine：雀形目的，雀形鸟

Oscine：鸣禽类的，鸣禽类的鸟

Instinctual：本能的

Principles：原则

Imitate：模仿，效仿

exposed to：曝露于，公开揭露

bits and pieces：曲子的部分调子或小节

点拨迷津：

重点内容是在第二段和第三段，告诉我们鸣禽类唱歌是一种本能，但是如何去学会唱歌的是实验所要研究的问题。虽然每种不同的鸣禽有不同的学习过程，但是有一些基本的原则是相同的，例如大部分的鸟都是在出生的前几个月学习唱歌。另外一个要关注的问题就是鸟类是不是准确地模仿到了自己所听到的歌声。

The Basic Features of Song Learning

Nine males song sparrows were collected from the wild from four different broods when they were around 4 to 6 days old. They were raised by people until they were weaned at 33 to 35 days old and then were placed into individual wire-mesh cages. Live tutors were used in this experiment. Four wild-caught adult male song sparrows were used as the tutors. The tutors were placed into flight aviaries and the subject's cages were placed adjacent to the aviaries, so that they could have visual contact with one of the tutors, while still being able to hear the other three singing. Also, the subjects were rotated so that their visual contact with one tutor varied between the tutors. The subjects were there when they were 33 to 94 days old, with the assumption that their sensitive phase lay some time in this time period.

When the subjects started singing the next spring, their repertoires were analyzed. The average was seven song types per subject. This does correspond with birds raised exclusively in the wild by their parents. Eight of the nine subjects learned songs from two or more of the tutors and later imitated these songs.

In similar experiments in which some birds are exposed to tutors and some are raised in isolation, those birds that were exposed to tutors almost always tend to imitate pieces and even complete songs. Those birds raised in isolation always sang isolate songs. These isolate songs were similar to each other and consist of much more structurally simpler songs than males raised with normal song exposure.

重点词汇：

song sparrows: 北美歌雀

broods：窝

aviary：鸟舍

subject：实验的对象

adjacent to：与…连接的

rotated：旋转的

repertoires：整段乐曲

correspond with：相符合，相一致

exclusively：专门的，排外的

isolation：孤立，隔离

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