托福阅读句子插入题实例剖析

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托福阅读句子插入题实例剖析

每篇阅读文章的倒数第二题为句子插入题。此题给出一个额外的句子，并且在原文的几个句子间给出四个方块，每个方块分别代表前后两个句子之间的空位。我们需将这个句子放入其中的某一个位置，作为最佳答案。

这种题长这样：

怎么做插入句子题?

题目给出的句子(后文直接称之为“插入句”)能被放入其中一个位置的原因，就是这个句子与正确位置的前后文存在着某种语义上的联系。在阅读原文之前，若能根据一些信息词找出这种联系，并且推测前后文的信息，则我们在找答案的时候就会更准确。

做插入句子题时的步骤应该是酱紫的：

1)仔细阅读插入句，准确理解句意

2)根据句内信息词，推断插入位置前或后可能出现的内容

3)寻找复合推测的位置

4)将句子放入，讲插入句及前后两句话连起来通读一遍，检验是否流畅逻辑严谨、语意流畅

信息词是啥?如何根据这类词推测?

插入句子题中出现的信息词分两类：1. 代词;2. 逻辑词

1)指代词

这里的指代词指的是：1. 代词;2. 定冠词the+名词所组成词。

代词(Pronoun)是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。the+名词的结构，在文中有时会起指代前文的作用。大部分出现指代词的插入句子题非常简单。

当题目的句子中出现指代词，插入位置前面必然会提到其指代的内容。这个时候，若我们能根据代词的种类、指代词的词义和插入句的句意推断出指代的具体内容，那么只需要将插入句放入出现该内容的句子之后的位置，即可满足指代关系，得到答案

# 情况1

如果四个位置中，只有一个位置前面出现句中指代词的指代对象，则这个位置就是我们的正确答案。

例题如下：

句中出现代词“this massive population”，这巨大的群体数量来自于“twelve pairs of imported rabbits”，则插入位置前面必然提到巨大的兔群数量。

只有第一个位置前面的句子提到“hundreds of millions of European rabbits”，可以构成指代的对象。所以A就是妥妥的正确答案。

# 情况2(较少出现)

如果四个位置中有多个位置的前面存在着“可能成为”指代词的指代对象的信息，那么往往只有其中一个内容能够符合指代词的“特性”。

例题如下：

句中出现代词“this period”，插入位置前面必然提到某一个时期。同时，我们还要注意，句子还提到，这个时期里Sweden和Denmark经济发展特别好。

原文前三个位置之前的句子都提到了时期，分别是18世纪、19世纪上半叶和19世纪下半叶。然而前两句话所说的时期中，Sweden和Denmark都是处在落后的位置。而第三句话however转折之后的信息提到，19世纪下半叶，尤其是最后二三十年，它们(指的是Netherlands、Denmark、Norway和Sweden)发展特别快。也就是说，19世纪下半叶才是插入句中this period指代的内容，前两个时期都不能复合指代内容的特性。所以C是正确答案。

# 情况3

有些插入句由于代词性质比较特殊，又或对于代词的描述信息较少，故无法直接准确的推测出代词所指的内容，只能得到一个大概的方向。此时需要结合原文句意，逐个位置确认和排除。

例题如下：

句中出现“for this reason”，前文所提到的信息导致“相同面积下，desert中的the total amount of plant material比temperate forest中的the total amount of plant material低100倍”。此时并不能直接得出this reason所指信息具体内容，但可知，该reason为插入句的原因，正确位置必然能满足这个因果关系。

找到1、2位置之间的句子“Water controls the volume of plant matter produced.”。其中the volume of plant matter和the total amount of plant material意思相同，其次由于water的控制作用，确实会导致两个水量不同的地区(desert和forest)产生差别，前后逻辑非常严谨，所以B是正确答案。

2)逻辑词

逻辑词仅仅是为了简(zhuang)洁(bi)而起的一个名字，指的是能够表示句间逻辑关系的那些词，如however、but、therefore、also、then等等。

出现这些逻辑词的时候，代表着插入句的句意和其前句或后句在信息上存在着某种逻辑关系。根据找到的逻辑关系，结合插入句的句意，可以大致推测一下前文或后文的句意，以此作为寻找正确答案的指向性信息。

例题1

句中出现“also”，根据句意，可以推测正确位置之前至少会提到与动物相关的某种特性，所以才会紧跟插入句所说的“also有雄性O动物的call”。发现第二个位置前面提到rhinoceros hornbill的叫声cries和gibbons的喊声calls，那么把插入句放到第二个位置，起到了进一步举例说明的作用，满足了also的关系，前后逻辑严谨。

例题2

题目出现however，表示本句为转折句。转折句出现表示前后文应该出现论述重点的不同，较多出现的情况为后文反驳前文，较少出现的情况也会表示后文开始论述与前文不完全相同的另一个内容。

根据插入句的句意“然而，为了更好理解睡眠中的呼吸，先搞清楚平时是如何呼吸是很有帮助的”，可以推断出本句具有明显的承上启下的作用，承接上文论述的“睡眠中的呼吸”，引起下文所述的“平时是如何呼吸的”。根据推断寻找后，发现C位置符合承上启下的关系，即为正确答案。

3)信息的重复

还有一些插入句，既不包含指代词，也不包含逻辑词。但这类插入句的难度其实并不大。

和所有插入句相同，不包含信息词的插入句也和正确位置的前句或后句存在语义上的联系，这个联系就是信息的重复。当我们找到原文某一个句子，所述内容与插入句内容相关时，再来判断应该把插入句放在这个句子的前面还是后面，就能得到答案了。

看一道例题会更清楚。

插入句并没有指代词和逻辑词出现，只表达了句意“城市里有着多种多样的生活和工作”。这个时候，我们直接回原文，寻找哪个句子提到或围绕“城市里的生活和工作”进行论述。发现原文第二句话“Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants.”，其实就是具体的阐述city里的工作都有什么，人们都干嘛，与插入句句意是重复的。且前面一句话最后提到了secular，暗指的其实就是日常生活和工作。所以A是最合适的位置。

前一句话先表达出“除了政治经济和宗教活动，cities还有很多日常活动”，紧接着后两句话先总述“城市中的(日常)生活和工作是多种多样的”，之后再非常具体的举例描述都存在什么样的工作和生活，前后逻辑非常吻合，语意流畅。

4)综合

本句既出现代词“this”也出现逻辑词“however”，不过this指代内容比较模糊。可以推测出，前面提到的句意，在插入句中得到了否定(not the case)。其次，根据however存在的转折和承上启下的关系，后文非常有可能展开论述this指代内容为何不是真实情况(not the case)。结合推测，找到C位置的前后，符合这个关系。前一句话说“如果理论正确，则呼吸二氧化碳多会导致打哈欠增多，呼吸氧气多会减少打哈欠”，后一句话表示“真实情况是(in fact)，不管是二氧化碳还是氧气，打哈欠的频率都是相同的”，所以后一句话就是通过描述真实情况，而对前一句理论所推测和估计的情况起到反驳的作用。

记得带进去检验

检验指的是前文做题步骤中的第四步：将句子放入，讲插入句及前后两句话连起来通读一遍，检验是否流畅逻辑严谨、语意流畅。

这个步骤必不可少，来看一道例题。

本句出现“moreover”，表示插入句和前文是递进关系，表示进一步的论述。后面出现“other evidence”，指出前面应该有某些evidence。句中出现even if的让步关系，再结合句意“此外，其他证据表明，即使无冰走廊确实存在，它也会缺乏人类居住所必须的资源”，可以推测出，前文的evidence应该是在论证“ice-free corridor”不存在，这里才会递进+让步，表示“即使存在，也…”的句意。根据这个推测发现C位置前面一句话指出：Glen Macdonald证明支持“ice-free corridor”存在的信息其实是错误的。也就是在暗示“ice-free corridor”不存在，能够和插入句紧密连接。

但万万没有想到的是，C位置后面依旧在论述这种corridor不存在：他非常有力地指出，这种无冰走廊直到之后的时期才出现。并且此句中开头第一个单词就是“he”，指代的是前句所论述的Glen Macdonald，而插入句却并没有能够满足he这个指代的内容。所以，插入句应该放在D位置，待本段最后两句话把corridor不存在的事情讲完，再出现“moreover”进行递进。

这个题目告诉我们，不仅需要确认某个位置的前文与插入句紧密连接，还要往后看一句，确保万无一失。

托福阅读真题1

From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork. Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for goods in kind from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer; wove cloth of yarn spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customer's own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy scene, by one historian, as an orchestra conducted by nature. Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality — and few in rural areas were. Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.

1. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Farming practices

(B) The work of artisans

(D) Types of furniture that were popular

2. The word inception in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) investigation

(B) location

(D) records

3. The word fabricating in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) constructing

(B) altering

(D) demonstrating

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was

(A) especially helpful to woodworkers

(B) popular in rural areas

(D) expensive

5. Why did colonial artisans want to regularize their schedules and methods (line 18)?

(A) to enable them to produce high quality products

(B) to enable them to duplicate an item many times

(D) to keep expenses low

6. The phrase resort to in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) protecting with

(B) moving toward

(D) using

7. The word few' in lines 23 refers to

(A) woodworkers

(B) finished pieces

(D) chests

8. It can be inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that

were

(A) simple

(B) delicate

(D) exceptionally long-lasting

PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA

托福阅读真题2

Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird's annual life cycle. Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting. The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen: incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.

Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful. This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the exuberant choruses of spring.

Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.

1. The passage mainly discusses how

(A) birds prepare for breeding

(B) bird feathers differ from species

(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes

2. The word Notwithstanding in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) despite

(B) because of

(D) regarding

3. The word intricate in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) regular

(B) complex

(D) important