2020年托福阅读题型分析
为了帮助大家备考托福，今天，小编将为备战托福阅读的同学们就八个堪称经典的托福阅读题型带来一番详细介绍，还请备考生们能够仔细阅读哦!
2020年托福阅读题型分析
1.文章内容小结题
这是托福阅读考试中经常出现的题目。顾名思义，是对全文内容的总结，考察的是对文章主旨和段落主旨的把握。正确选项是一些总结性的选项，错误选项的特点是：与原文不符，原文没有提到，或者是次要信息。次要信息也就是文中提到的某个细节性的信息，次要信息的选项具有极大的干扰，同学们在做题时应注意识别。那么文章主旨和段落主旨怎么判断呢，我们可以结合文章标题和题目的引导句来判断文章主旨，段落主旨可以直接看段首句，段首句通常是段落的主旨句。非常重要的一点是，我们要充分利用前面做过的题目。我们在前面的做题中已经对各个段落的主旨有了一个大致的了解。此题目在托福阅读中很好拿分。
2.句子简化题
这种题型的主要考查目的是：考查考生们理解文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，并不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。因此，考生们的语法水平在解题过程中就显得尤为重要。这种题目在托福阅读中的具体表现是题目中有“high sentence”。
3.修辞目的题
这是托福阅读题型中比较难得分的题目，这种题目注重考察单词，短语或句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用，这就要求大家平时阅读时，在涉猎原文细节信息的基础之上，要有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构。在历年托福备考资料中，这类题目考查的比较少，但一出现就会难倒考生。
4.词汇题
在托福阅读题目的解答过程中，特别是词汇题总会让人有些头疼。特别是对于那些基础薄弱的学生来说，由于词汇量的问题，托福阅读中的词汇题就是一个更大的麻烦了。单词记忆主要就是背单词。所以关于如何去背单词，在这里有几点建议：
1.利用零散的时间背单词。利用零散的时间背单词可以使用单词卡片。
2.进行高频率的重复，建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。
3.把背单词和阅读相结合。广泛的阅读也是增加词汇量的一种方法，并且能够在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。
此类题目在托福阅读考试中出现的数量和频率非常大，有时一篇阅读会有四五道词汇题，考生需要特别注意。
5.事实否定题
在解答这种题目的时候首先要注意的是避免惯性思维的影响。平时大家的做题习惯当中，我们都是看到与原文相符或者和原文一样的选项就选，但是到了这个题目，需要选择不属于题干内容或者与原文相反的选项，这是需要注意的一点。一般这种题目的定位范围都在原文的某一个或者两个自然段，所以第一步需要的就是根据题目大定位到某个自然段，然后根据选项特征对应原文进行选题。在托福阅读备考资料中，这类题虽然不难，但是比较容易丢分，因为考场上考生过于紧张，就会忘了你想思维这回事。
6.插空题
这些题目虽然不是很难，但是其中的一些较为复杂的逻辑关系会让考生难免失分。在解答托福阅读插空题，首要任务就是要找到线索词。也就是能够让我们了解句子之间逻辑或者语法联系的词，线索词亦是解题的关键。这类题在新托福阅读讲义中有以下几种具体做法：
1. 如果要插入的句子中有代词，可是代词所指代的内容又没有出现在句子本身，那么我们就可以根据代词的单复数等性质找到它指代的内容，再插入到该句之后。
2. 如果句子中的线索词不是第一类的代词，而是以第二类的这种形式出现，那么这个最后的名词就是我们的线索词。这个名词一般会在原文已经出现过，我们要找到这个地方，再把句子插入适当的位置。之后要考虑句子插入后是否与插入口后面的句子保持正确的逻辑关系。
3. 以上两类线索词都是根据文中的语法联系来解题的，可是有些题目中的插入句没有这两类线索词，那么它的线索词就可能是一些表示因果、转折等各种逻辑关系的逻辑词，举例来说就是，however/but…这类表转折和 thus/accordingly …这类表因果关系的词，相信大家在写作的时候已经把这些词倒背如流了吧!这一类的插入题可能比前两类线索词的题要相对难一些，因为干扰项会比较强大，但是只要细心，理清前后句的逻辑关系，童鞋们还是可以攻克滴!
在历年托福备考资料中，此类题目一般会出现在最后，此时考生会觉得时间不够有点紧张，越到此时脑子就越要保持清醒，切不可再整类题目上丢掉宝贵的分数。
7.总结表格题
这类题目在托福阅读备考资料中出现的不太多，正因为这样，有些考试呢过就会忽略掉，一旦出先就会紧张不知所措，所以平时一定要加强练习。
总结表格题的出题模式有两种：一种是针对全文内容出题，答案由全文的主题，细节和重点支持段落的概述三部分组成。另外一种是针对文章中的重点支持性段落出题，答案由这些重点支持性段落主题，段落结论，以及重点支持性例子的概述三部分组成。解答这类题目的关键就是熟悉整个文章的内容的同时，要边读边在心里总结每段的重点内容，提炼出精华内容，将文章中主要内容的相关方面用着重符号标出，以便查找。
8.推论题
文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型，但难度很大。这种题目就需要考试针对推论所提问的所在段有一个透彻的了解，对前后文逻辑有一个清晰的了解，不要被作者的表相所迷惑，分析题目的同时将主要内容提炼出来，答案就一目了然了。这类题目在托福阅读中经常出现，每篇阅读必有一题，所以一定不能够丢分。
托福阅读背景材料：媒体评论中国肯德基事件
Quartz评论中国肯德基事件(From：Quartz)
China’s food safety campaign against KFC is the real threat to Yum
When Yum Brands announced last month that it expected KFC-China’s fourth-quarter sales to decline 4%, spurring a sharp sell-off in the company’s stock, CEO David Novak attributed it the slump to “the macros”—meaning, the much-discussed sputtering of China’s economic growth.
But that wasn’t the whole story. Days before Yum’s revised estimate, the Chinese state television network CCTV reported (in Chinese) on KFC’s sourcing of “fast-growth chickens,” birds dosed with “toxic” concoctions to shorten their maturation cycle. The Chinese micro-blogosphere promptly freaked out, but the charge didn’t stick: Health inspectors cleared the “fast-growth chickens,” which turned out to be the overseas industry standard, imported from the United States.
But CCTV wasn’t done. On Tuesday, it ran an investigative piece on large-scale chicken farmers, highlighting their insouciant way with antibiotics and growth hormones. Though KFC and McDonald’s, which was also implicated, both say they haven’t sourced from those kinds of farms in months, it matters little to public perception. When it comes to food safety, these ongoing reporting campaigns are fairly common, explains Beijing-based lawyer and blogger Stan Abrams:
Seems like every other day I’m writing something about a new investigation, enforcement campaign, or dispute involving a foreign firm here. Some times the criticism turns out to be fair, and other times the rumors are unfounded. Occasionally there are witch hunts, where the media (often, but not always State media) piles on with inflammatory rhetoric, assuming the worst of multinationals and their business practices.
In this case, says Abrams, “China’s print media seem to be focused not on the farmers or their customers as a whole, but rather on KFC and McDonald’s.” For example, the China Daily has now begun rehashing KFC- and McDonald’s-related stories with titles like “Multinational firms’ tricks” and “Some foreign fast food is harder to swallow.”
This is fairly typical, particularly of CCTV, which sees itself as a consumer watchdog. What isn’t typical is that the Chinese government is now taking up the cause against Yum and KFC. Earlier today, the Shanghai Food and Drug Administration released (in Chinese) food safety reports from 2010 and 2011, showing that, of 19 samples from one of the farms profiled by CCTV, 8 failed antibiotics safety tests.
“We think Yum Brands should face facts and responsibly publish relevant information,” Shanghai FDA manager Yan Zuqiang told the 21st Century Business Herald. “What is now clear is that we’ve already had in our hands eight reports of samples that didn’t meet standards, and we immediately informed Yum Brands. Yum Brands should admit to this.”
Though the report hasn’t been widely published in English yet, the stock shed some 4% in trading on Friday. Yum Brands representatives did not respond to requests for comment.
It’s not clear what the government hoped to clarify by releasing tests that more than a year old from a farm that KFC no longer uses, particularly when the Shanghai FDA says it will publish recent test results in a few days. It’s possible this signals a prioritization of food safety in the new Xi Jinping administration, says Junheng Li, head of research at China-focused research firm JL Warren Capital, though she thinks that KFC-China’s real problem has little to do with government attention.
“KFC-China was successful back in the day because they localized their menu, adapting it to local taste,” Li told me. “Among younger demographics in first- and second-tier cities, chicken has been around for too long, so that now, trendy Chinese food concepts are outperforming KFC and other foreign fast foods.”
Yum’s 5,000 restaurants in China are growing revenue faster than the company’s larger base of locations in the US. But shopping centers are no longer discounting rents for KFCs, says Li, meaning that the company is facing 100-250% hikes, wringing margins. Then there’s the reality that young shoppers are increasingly spending their renminbi online, where e-retailers like Taobao and 360buy.com offer selection, price transparency, and convenience that traditional shopping centers struggle to compete with. KFC-China’s plan to combat these trends is to expand in lower-tier cities, where markets are not yet saturated.
But Li sees problems with this strategy, a point that gets back to “the macros” that CEO Novak believes will support KFC-China’s continued growth.
“KFC shares the common attitude toward China, saying ‘urbanization will drive growth,’ and leaving it at that,” she says. “Urbanization isn’t the driver of economic growth; it’s the result of it. You have to create jobs first. And with the economy so dependent on exports and investment, creating overcapacity, the current rate of urbanization is unsustainable.”
托福阅读背景材料：欧美风俗
Food 美式食物
"You are what you eat." Nutrition experts often use this sayingto promote better eating habits. What we put in our mouthsdoes become a part of us. But we can look at this statementanother way. What we eat reflects who we are--as people andas a culture. Do you want to understand another culture? Thenyou ought to find out about its food. Learning about Americanfood can give us a real taste of American culture.
"你吃什么就成为什么样子"营养专家经常使用这句话来倡导更好的饮食习惯，入嘴的东西确实成为我们的一部分.但我们也可以从另一个角度来看这句话，我们所吃的反映出我们自己--不论就人或文化而言.你想了解另一种文化吗?那么你应该去认识他们的食物.认识美国食物可以让我们得知美国文化的精髓。
What is "American food"? At first you might think the answer is easy as pie. To many people,American food means hamburgers, hot dogs, fried chicken and pizza. If you have a "sweet tooth,"you might even think of apple pie or chocolate chip cookies. It's true that Americans do eat thosethings. But are those the only kind of vittles you can find in America?
何谓「美式食物」?乍听之下你可能认为答案容易得很。对许多人而言，美式食物就是汉堡、热狗、炸鸡和披萨。如果你是好吃甜食的人，你可能会想到苹果派或巧克力片饼干。美国人确实吃这些东西，但这些就是你在美国唯一找得到的食物吗?
Except for Thanksgiving turkey, it's hard to find a typically "American" food. The United Statesis a land of immigrants. So Americans eat food from many different countries. When people moveto America, they bring their cooking styles with them. That's why you can find almost every kindof ethnic food in America. In some cases, Americans have adopted foods from other countries asfavorites. Americans love Italian pizza, Mexican tacos and Chinese egg rolls. But the Americanversion doesn't taste quite like the original!
除了感恩节火鸡以外，挺难找到典型的美国食物。美国是个移民之地，所以美国人吃的食物来自许多不同的国家，当人们移居美国，他们也将自己的烹调带了进来。那也就是为什么在美国你几乎可以看到所有不同民族的食物。在某些情况中，美国人把外国的食物视为最爱。美国人喜爱意大利的披萨，墨西哥的玉米饼和中国的春卷，但是这些东西的美国版味道却不很道地!
As with any large country, the U.S.A has several distinct regions. Each region boasts its ownspecial style of food. Visit the South and enjoy country-style cooking. Journey through Louisianafor some spicy Cajun cuisine. Take a trip to New England and sample savory seafood dishes. Travelthrough the Midwest, "the breadbasket of the nation," for delicious baked goods. Cruise over tothe Southwest and try some tasty Tex-Mex treats. Finish your food tour in the Pacific Northwestwith some gourmet coffee.
和许多大国一样，美国有数个截然不同的地区，每个地区都以自己特有的食物夸口。走访美国南部享受乡村式的烹调;到路易斯安纳州品尝辛辣的凯郡式料理;走一趟新英格兰试尝它美味的海鲜;再到中西部「美国的面包之乡」品尝可口的烘培食品;乘船游览至西南部尝试一些好吃的墨式德州小吃，最后到太平洋西北岸，啜饮美食家的咖啡，作为美食之旅的句点。
Americans living at a fast pace often just "grab a quick bite." Fast food restaurants offerpeople on the run everything from fried chicken to fried rice. Microwave dinners and instant foodsmake cooking at home a snap. Of course, one of the most common quick American meals is asandwich. If it can fit between two slices of bread, Americans probably make a sandwich out of it.Peanut butter and jelly is an all-time American favorite.
生活在快速步调之下的美国人通常只能「很快地吃几口」。快餐店提供赶时间的人各种食物，从炸鸡到炒饭，应有尽有。微波炉晚餐和实时餐点使得在家烧饭省事又快速。当然，最平常的美式速餐之一就是三明治。任何能夹在两片土司中间的东西，美国人就可以把它作成一份三明治，花生酱和果酱更是一直都深受美国人的喜爱。
Americans on the go also tend to eat a lot of "junk food." Potato chips, candy bars, soft drinksand other goodies are popular treats. Many people eat too many of these unhealthy snacks. Butothers opt for more healthy eating habits. Some even go "all natural." They refuse to eat anyfood.
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