托福阅读和考研阅读哪一个难
今天小编为大家整理的是托福阅读和考研阅读哪个难?两者区别是什么?一文，今天小编就详细的为大家讲解一下，让考生们更加清楚明了的知道区别，希望可以帮助大家，更多精彩内容尽在学习啦!
托福阅读和考研阅读哪一个难
托福和考研英语哪个难度大一些?左右看来是托福难一点，比考研多听力和口语，还要求在电脑上打出来。
这两个考试，因为隶属的出题机构不同，所以出题思路和考试风格都有所不同，不能简单的定义为难或者简单。
从对英语能力的要求来看，托福的要求会更高。托福是一门英语能力综合测试，听力、口音、阅读、写作都要考察到。而且，托福没有考试词汇大纲，根据一般的总结，需要的词汇量在8000左右。这些比考研的要求都要更广泛。
但是说这些，绝不是说考研英语的难度比托福低。托福考察的是英语的绝对能力，而考研则考察的是英语的细致掌握和理解。以阅读为例，托福阅读所谓的难题，一般是难在阅读文章的意思上，而这个意思难又基本难在词汇和复杂句上。也就是说，托福的一道阅读题，你可能会比较容易地找出它的答案对应着文章里哪句话，但你却可能读不懂这句话。而如果读懂了这句话，这道题解出来是一定没有问题的。但考研阅读则不同，它的难度更多体现在对出题人意思的揣摩上。单一句话的难度可能并不大，但每道题对应文章里哪句话却可能很难找到。就算找到了哪句话，你也会不知道它到底和哪个选项最接近。甚至把一道题的答案告诉你，也把每句话的中文意思都告诉你，你也不知道这道题到底为什么选这个。从这个角度说，考研英语可以看作高考中文的英语版。
再以完形填空为例。考研中重点会考察词与词的搭配，例如某个动词后面是接to还是for，而这些在托福中绝不可能考察。托福本来就没有完形填空这种题，而写作中如果犯下类似搭配用错的小错误，只要不严重一般也不会影响最终的成绩。
因此，不能断言这两种考试哪种更难。只能说，命题思路和宗旨是完全不同的。但总体而言，托福的高词汇量和长难句还是会对考研英语的复习有较大的备考作用。所谓“考过托福GRE的考研也不一定考得好”的说法，要么是考生的托福考的也不怎么样，要么就不过是为了夸大考研的难度而已了。
出国和考研，无论哪一条路，都无法成为逃避另一条路的捷径。直面现实，好好努力。
托福阅读TPO33第1篇:最初的文明
【1】Evidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.
【2】The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. The first farmers, who may have lived as long as 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoralism. The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without movingto a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture.
【3】The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.
【4】The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.
【5】The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.
托福阅读TPO33第1篇题目:最初的文明
1.The phrase "culminated in" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.reached a high point with.
B.logically followed from.
C.partly contributed to.
D.marked.
2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true of early farmers?
A.They used farming to supplement other food sources.
B.They were driven out of small communities.
C.They were victims of flooding.
D.They farmed several plots of land at once.
3.The word "undoubtedly" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.increasingly.
B.certainly.
C.in general.
D.apparently.
4.According to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers chose river valleys for cultivation? To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.
A.The soils in river valleys were rich in nutrients.
B.The crops grown in river valleys were not completely dependent on rainwater.
C.Farming techniques could not be easily applied to soils far from rivers.
D.The heavier weight of river soil resulted in more reliable harvests.
5.The word "enhance" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.serve.
B.improve.
C.control.
D.protect.
6.The word "provoked"(paragraph 3) in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.secured.
B.coordinated.
C.modeled.
D.brought about.
7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose among agricultural communities?
A.A significant increase in population.
B.The desire to control water resources for irrigation.
C.The need for protection from outside forces.
D.The demand for organized communication with other communities.
8.According to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizations?
A.Where the first steps toward civilization took place.
B.Who was allowed to replace "big men" after the "big men" died.
C.Why some individuals became recognized as leaders.
D.How governments emerged.
9.What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?
A.Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.
B.Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.
C.Paragraph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragraph 4 gives an extended example of one of them.
D.Paragraph 3 discusses a cause of the spread of river valley agriculture in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 discusses an effect.
10.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.
B.Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.
C.The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.
D.Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.
11.Paragraph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?
A.The decentralization of authority.
B.An increase in religious activity.
C.The emergence of service- and production-related jobs.
D.A decreased reliance on mineral resources.
12.According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?
A.To protect the inhabitants from invaders.
B.To mark the urban areas.
C.To separate the ruling class from the rest of the population.
D.To represent the prosperity of a city.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? ?? This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.
The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. ■【A】??With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. ■【B】??While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. ■【C】 Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. ■【D】??Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall andseparate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.
14. Prose Summary
The practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial to the development of early civilizations.
A.Prehistorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.
B.Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.
C.Because crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.
D.The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.
E.Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.
F.Unlike other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.
托福阅读TPO33第1篇答案:最初的文明
1.词汇题，culminate表示"达到高峰"，选A。
2.细节题，Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.当食物来源短缺的时候来时种植粮食来维持生计，对应A选项：他们用农业来补充其他食物来源。
3.undoubtedly，毫无疑问的，理所当然的，选B。
4.定位于"The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment earned by the liver waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location.里面提到了 not as dependent on rainfall."不太依赖于降雨"，对应B选项：不完全依赖降水。同时也提到了"deposited nutrients in the soil"，在土壤中沉淀营养，对应A选项: 土壤营养丰富。
5.enhance，提高，增强，对应B。
6.provoke，激起，引起，对应D。
7.否定细节题：定位第二句 The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale.中的"significant growth in population"对应 A 选项;"efforts to control the flow of water"对应B选项;protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community 对应C选项。因此D选项错误。
8.否定细节题：定位句"The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa. India, and China.出现地点 northern Africa, India and China"对应A选项。定位句"As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the "big men" assume hereditary status,"提到了世袭制，对应B选项。定位句 By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community.对应C选项。定位句How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain.与D选项相违背。因此D选项错误。
9.宏观题，第三段讲领导者即后来的政府形成的原因，第四段讲领导是如何形成的，选A。
10.句子简化题：原句逻辑whik表示对比转折;句子核心：城市中心的经济功 能以及管理中心的仪式功能。A选项句子对应两个核心，while的转折对比关系正确，因此A选项正确。
11.推断题：定位句 Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods.在这些城市只能给，新的生活形式的出现满足了不断增长的社会服务和消费品的需求。可以推断出有需求就有供给，就会出现与之相关的产业。
12.细节题：定位句 In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.意思是说通过建立高墙来建立严格的等级制度，将统治者和普通老板姓区分开来，对应C选项。
13.句子插入题：This was accompanied by increased professional specialization中的professional specialization职业专门化对应第四个方框之后句子中的 artisans or merchants, warriors, scholars, or priests。
14.Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.正确。对应第二段 An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratoiy) societies were born.因为土壤中含有丰富的营养.所以一块地农民可以种很多年，因此就不用迁移到别 的地方，最后就定居了。
The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.正确。对应第三段的核心主旨：政府的形成。
Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.正确。对应第五段核心意思：中央集权导致了社会阶层和不同功能城市的形成。
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