老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE30
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老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 30
PASSAGE 30
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly personal communication citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word consequence in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues
because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word striking in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word exceed in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity
EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word generated in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated
PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB
托福阅读考试中的陷阱总结
“陷阱”一：细节题考查精确定位。
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，比如下面这个例题：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位，因为它是专有名词，在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的，因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位，即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的，succession是在引号里面的，都非常醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干关键词不完全匹配，细节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，即根据定位点的内容，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以正确答案是C。综上所述，做新托福阅读的细节题，最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。
“陷阱”二：无方向中隐藏方向。
新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的，这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊，考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水，费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。下面我们就来看一个例子：
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.
Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?
A.They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.
B.They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.
C.Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.
D.Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.
这个题目的题干涉及到三个段落，而事实上考生根本不需要去看第一段的内容，因为答案依据的是第三、四段的信息，但是这两个段落如果都看的话内容也不少，从应试的角度来说太费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向。A项里大家一般都会选择有连字符的coal-fired作为关键词去定位，B项没有比较显眼的词就只能选名词短语remote areas，C项选1 percent， D项选the United States。选完关键词我们不难发现除了B项不大好定位以外，其他三个选项的关键词都很醒目。经过定位，A项应该去比对第3段的第一句话，意思明显矛盾;B项不好找，可以暂且跳过;C项和D项的关键词在这两段都找不到，这就属于新托福阅读中推理题的错误答案设计方法之一 —— 无中生有。所以虽然我们没有去验证B项的说法是否正确，但经过排除也只能选B了。这样的做题方法就会省时省力，且答案也是正确的。在考试中，这种情况往往会影响考生的心情，进而影响水平的发挥，但是只要我们了解了ETS出题的套路就能把它们轻松搞定。
托福阅读四种题型的解题方法
语感偏弱要短期内突破
首先，默认你的语法学得不错，默认你的词汇量达到四级水平。否则……高中英语先补起来。
先说一说限定题条件，即语感必须达到一定的水平。阅读水平可以分为两个大层次，第一层是语感偏弱阶段。如果任何一篇托福阅读文本，每段都能读懂第一句，但第二句就迷糊了，第三句就完全迷失了，哪怕每个单词都认识，就是不知道作者在说什么，这就是典型语感偏弱。一般而言，语感偏弱的最高分也就是25分。
语感偏弱的同学的问题主要是阅读量不够，基础不够扎实，哪怕分数提高了题目做对了，很多时候对文章本身仍是毫无把握。这样的情况其实可以通过大约20篇到30篇的托福阅读训练在短期内改善。这个过程一般一个星期就能完成，尽管过程会比较痛苦。但可以把这过程当成是阅读百科全书一样，饶有兴趣地去阅读吧。
这个阶段做题会错，但不要紧张，尤其不要撇开文章而只是研究解题方法。总而言之，语感偏弱是必须要解决的基础问题，如果想拿25分以上的高分，就必须攻克。
做题前的整体把握
要想做好阅读，第一分钟是非常重要的，这一分钟要做两件事，一是文章的方向性把握，二是文章分论点的浏览。
先看标题，再花30秒左右的时间看第一段，找出其主要内容+方向+指示词。主要内容就是该篇文章要讲的事情。方向就是作者对他所要说的这件事情的态度，分为正面态度和反面态度，比如对事实真假的判断，对事物好坏的判断。指示词即递进或转折词。如果能力再强点可以多看一点，尽可能找出文章中出现的概念和文章行文的逻辑。
各题型解决方案
接下来就是重头戏：阅读解题方法的总结归纳，纯技术内容。
★第一种题型：句型插入题
句型插入题，考察的是什么呢?是指示代词与结构指示成分。
指示代词就是这个那个之类，结构指示成分就是first second for one thing这种。正确的插入位置会让句子与句子之间形成极强的关联关系，如此强大以至于你不必细究其内容而仅从表面的逻辑上就能认定，或者会使得句子中的结构指示成分显得无比合适。
★第二种题型：最后一题
最后一题的典型是六选三，这一题考察的是文章的分论点。而分论点可以很明确地通过每段第一句话得到。
最后一题解题方法的关键就是：分论点中提到的细节如果出现则不能选。比如说，一共4个分论点但却有6个选项，其中就会有分论点的错误表述，所以必然要拉上几个细节内容充数。当然也不排除出题
人会莫名其妙弄出个和文章不相关的东西充数。这一题型的做法就是，识别出充数的3个选项，它们要么是细节，要么是NOT GIVEN，要么就是错误表述。
★第三种题型：三缺一题型
三缺一是十分讨厌的一种题型，因为不得不在一个很大的文本范围内寻找证据排除选项。可以从文中找出3个来，然后选那个你死活找不出来的选项。这是笨办法。聪明的办法是，先看选项，用一秒钟给他们贴标签。
★第四种题型：句子改写题
句子改写题从正反两个方面下手。正面解决句子是必须要做的，一般不会出现看不懂的情况，而是句子结构比较复杂(人为制造的复杂)，比如A,like B, is better than C, not D, because of E.
先把句子的从句结构、比较结构、独立成分和插入语全都理出来，而不要去管它的内容。把握了这个句子的骨骼，而不要管肥肉瘦肉。一般而言，这样做至少能排除掉两个错得离谱的选项。
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