老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE19
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老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 19
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.
This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.
When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.
(B) The evolution of cities in North America
(C) Trade between North American and European cities
(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.
2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to
(A) North American colonies
(B) cities
(C) centuries
(D) town economies
3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?
(A) Their economic success
(B) The type of merchandise they exported
(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements
(D) The pace of their development
4. The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) as usual
(B) in contrast
(C) to some degree
(D) for that reason
5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to
(A) an abundance of natural resources
(B) financial support from colonial governments
(C) proximity to parts of Europe
(D) a favorable climate
6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?
(A) Manufacturing equipment
(B) Capital goods
(C) Consumer goods
(D) Raw materials
7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the
(A) location of the plantations
(B) access of plantation owners to shipping
(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents
(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations
8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were
(A) more prosperous
(B) smaller
(C) less economically self-sufficient
(D) tied less closely to England than to France
9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) imagined
(B) discovered
(C) documented
(D) planned
10. The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracting
(B) employing
(C) instructing
(D) representing
11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of
(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth
(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade
(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states
正确答案： BBDDC DCBCA C
提升托福阅读能力的方法有哪些？
方法一：概括地观察
在练习时我们会读一些文章或者段子，首先我们可以进行略读。对于文章的首段或者每段的内容进行概括，我们就可以知道这些文章都讲了些什么，而不是去通读，逐字去读，逐词去读，这样不仅浪费时间，而且对于自己的阅读能力的提升也是微乎其微的。
方法二：要学会提问题
在阅读的时候，考生要学会提问题，在阅读完一个段落之后，可以在每段的句首位置写出一个问题，当你看到这个问题的就会想到这个段落讲的是什么意思。这样不仅让自己的对段落有了清楚的认识，还能做到很的归纳总结的作用。
方法三：学会来引导阅读
当你在阅读文章的时候，可以为文章的标题、副题、图片及首句设定问题，可以把它们写在各自己的位置，这样你在看问题的时候，就可以帮助你更清晰的了解文章的内容了。
方法四：寻找问题的答案
我们在做托福阅读题的时候，最主要的就是要找到阅读题的答案。这个问题的答案是跟随着我们的问题的，我们在阅读的时候，要带着问题去阅读，这样对我们把握阅读文章重点来说是非常重要的。
方法五：学会做标记
如果在托福阅读的时候，我们如果遇到了所答问题关键词或者短语，我们要将它标记下来，并且要将它们积累起来。因为如果这里考到了，说明之后 也可能会考到，这些关键记号和短语就是我们平时练习时需要的积累的知识，不但在之后做阅读题或许会用得到，在托福考试的其它学科可能也是会用得到的。
方法六：修正问题
前面提到了，在阅读的时候要带着问题去文章中找答案，如果我们发现有几个答案都很相似，我们不是很确定哪一个是正确的，那么这时考生就要重新看到下问题，并且将有关的答案标记出来。再重读文章的时候，遇到的不明的地方可以查阅资料，也可以问一下老师和同学。这样久而久之，你的所有问题都会得到解决，这的阅读水平也就随之不断的提高。
方法七：学会举一反三
在托福阅读的整个学习过程中，考生要学会类推，也就是在你完全掌握了文章内容之后，对于文章中出现的一些问题，我们可以把它联系到日常的生活当中，如果在生活当中我们会怎么样，利用这样的联带的关系，考生可以更加的对阅读文章时行融汇贯通，大在的提高自己的阅读兴趣和能力。这也是托福阅读提高的一个很好的途径。
托福阅读人物题材的内容整理
文学家，艺术家，尤其是歌唱家，舞蹈家的女性(ETS重女轻男，阴盛阳衰)
编号 考题 年月 职业 性别 姓名
1. 81/11 小说家 女 EDITH WHARTON
2. 82/1 护士 女 GLARA LOUIS
3. 82/8 天文艺术 男 LUCIEN RUDAUX
4. 82/11 新闻摄影 女 M.B.WHITE
5. 85/5 政治家 男 马丁路德·金
6. 85/11 文学家 女 C.F.WOOLSON
7. 86/3 女权主义 女 F.D.ROOSEVELT夫人
8. 87/8 雕塑家 女 M.ESCOBAR
9. 87/12 印第安人 女 ELLA GARSSO
10. 89/1 P1 小说家 男 ROBERT HERRICK
11. 89/8 P11 歌唱家 女 ELLA FITZGERALD
12. 89/10P20 芭蕾舞 女 AGNES DE MILLE
13. 90/1 P25 闹剧作家 女 MERRY OTIS WARREN
14. 90/5 P29 文学家 女 GERTRUDE STEIN
15. 90/10P40 农化学家 男 G.W.CARVER
16. 91/1 P43 诗人 女 艾米丽 狄金森
17. 91/5 P46 画家 女 GRANDMA MOSES
18. 91/10P59 画家 女 C.L.GRAZA
19. 92/1 P64 舞蹈家 女 LUCINA CHILDS
20. 92/5 P68 舞蹈家 女 MARTHA GRAHAM
21. 92/8 P72 舞蹈家 女 MARTHA GRAHAM
22. P81 文学家 女 PEARL.S.BUCK
23. P88 发明家 男 MCCOY 润滑油
24. P93 舞蹈家 女 ISADORA DUNCAN
25. P100 小丑演员 男 JOHN DURANG
26. P104 艺术支持 女 G.V.WHITNEY
27. P112 数学 女 MARJORIE RICE
28. P115 画家 女 G.O.KEEFFE
29. P117 发明家 男 THOMAS.A.EDISON
30. P123 画家 男 WINSLOW HOMER
31. P131 画家 女 GRANDMA MOSES
32. P143 诗人 女 HILDA DOOLITTLE
33. P146 雕塑家 女 LOUIS NEVELSON
34. 普样1 诗人 女 MARIANNE MOORE
35. 96/1 文学家 女 JOICE CAROL OATES
托福阅读背景材料：加拿大历史
武侠世界里讲究的是“无招胜有招”，可是出国留 学这档子事儿，有经验显然要比没经验有利得多，天道电子书下载《谁说申请高手没有秘密》留学之道尽收囊中。
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History Well before Columbus 'discovered' America in 1492, prehistoric tribes from Asia had come across the Bering Strait; and around AD 1000, the Vikings, the first European vistors, had tried to settle in northern Newfoundland. By the time subsequent Europeans arrived, Canada's Indian tribes had already developed a multitude of languages, customs, religious beliefs, trading patterns, arts and crafts, laws and governments. Although a number of European countries were interested in establishing settlements in the Americas, it was French explorer Jacques Cartier who made the first claim on the area surrounding the St Lawrence River in 1534. Another French explorer, Samuel de Champlain, founded Quebec City in the early 1600s. In 1663 Canada, now home to about 3000 French settlers, became a province of France. Just as the French started to thrive on the fur trade, the British entered the scene, founding the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670 to add a bit of 'friendly' competition. For a while, the two European cultures coexisted peacefully. Then, in 1745, British troops captured a French fort in Nova Scotia - the struggle for control of the new land was on. The turning point in what became known as the Seven Years' War arrived when the British defeated the French at Quebec City in 1759. At the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France handed Canada over to Britain. By the end of the American Revolution (1775-83), a migration of about 50,000 British 'Loyalists' from the USA created a more even balance between the French and British populations. After the War of 1812 - the last war between Canada and the USA, in which Canada was victorious - Britain, fearful of losing Canada as it had the American Colonies, proclaimed the British North America Act (BNA Act) in 1867. The Act established the Dominion of Canada and became Canada's equivalent of a constitution. By 1885 the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway - one of Canada's great historical sagas - joined the country's east and west coasts. By 1912 all provinces had become part of the central government except Newfoundland, which finally joined in 1949. After WWI Canada grew slowly in stature and prosperity, becoming a voluntary member of the Commonwealth in 1931. With the onset of WWII, Canada once again fought alongside Britain against Germany, though this time it also entered into defense agreements with the USA, declaring war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the years after WWII, Canada experienced a huge wave of European immigration, with a further influx of Asians, Arabs, Indians, Italians, Hispanics and Caribbeans arriving in the 1960s. The postwar era was a period of economic expansion and prosperity. In 1967 Canada celebrated its 100th anniversary with Expo, the World's Fair in Montreal, as one of the highlights. Since 1975, a series of land rights agreements has been signed with Canada's native peoples, giving them some control over vast swathes of the northern portion of the country. The social upheavals of the 1960s brought to the surface the festering resentments that French-speaking Quebec had with English-speaking Canada. In 1976 the Parti Quebecois (PQ), advocating separatism, won the provincial election in Quebec, though sentiments on the issue have since waxed and waned. In the 1980 sovereignty referendum, the separatists were defeated by 60% of the vote. In October 1995, the vote was extremely close, with Canada coming within a few thousand votes of breaking up. The prime minister, Jean Chrtien, has since attempted to appease the Quebeckers by recognising the province as a 'distinct society'. In 2000, Chrtien held an early election and secured his third consecutive term. Meanwhile, the passing of former prime minister Pierre Trudeau continues to be mourned, and disappointment over the nation's failed bid to hold the 2008 Olympics (losing to Beijing) is only slowly waning.
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