托福阅读复习的四个建议
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托福阅读复习的四个建议
1. 如果基础一般的同学，想要参加托福考试，最好提前3-4个月准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在，重要的是能够持之以恒，每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。因为你在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词，可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到，但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。曾经有一名语言专家这样说过：“Without grammar, little can be conveyed and without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”足以说明词汇的重要性。
2. 然后要从理解文章的结构开始理解文章。我们要明白，托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章，基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法，我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章，就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。
3. 积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。譬如，国家地理，自然，今日美国等一些著名的原版杂志，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。
4. 在复习的最后阶段，做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。如果有条件的话，最好做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。比较推荐的模考软件有Barron, Kaplan以及一些比较权威的模考网站。当然在你报名时托福官方网站提供给你的那一套不完整的模考题也是很有参考价值的。
托福阅读TPO29第2篇:Competition
【1】When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists; its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (interspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations, and extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.
【2】No serious competition exists when the major needed resource is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource, if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. If more than one species is competing for a scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to different alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close relatives with similar demands on the environment. But it may also occur among totally unrelated forms that compete for the same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South American species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species—although added predation was also an important factor.
【3】To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. The Russian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.
【4】Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow them to occupy different niches. Competing species also tend to change their ranges so that their territories no longer overlap. The evolutionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as “species selection”; however, this description is potentially misleading. Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressures of natural selection. The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species. Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.
【5】Competition may occur for any needed resource. In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-water bottom-dwelling marine organisms. Indeed, it may be for any of the factors, physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. Competition is usually the more severe the denser the population. Together with predation, it is the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.
托福阅读TPO29试题第2篇:Competition
1.The phrase "mechanisms of natural selection" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
A.types of natural selection.
B.dangers of natural selection.
C.problems natural selection solves.
D.ways natural selection works.
2.According to paragraph 1, what is one effect of competition among individuals of different species?
A.It results in the eventual elimination of the resource for which they are competing.
B.It leads to competition among individuals of the same species.
C.It encourages new species to immigrate to an area.
D.It controls the number of individuals in the competing populations.
3.The word "indigenous" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
A.native.
B.rate.
C.most.
D.numerous.
4.In paragraph 1, why does the author mention what happened in New Zealand?
A.To indicate that Darwin understood the importance of competition.
B.To illustrate that competition can lead to the extinction of species.
C.To identify where the idea of competition among species first arose.
D.To argue against the idea that the process of selection is a natural occurrence.
5.According to paragraph 2, competition is not usually a significant factor among two coexisting species when
A.one of the species has only recently moved into the territory of the other.
B.the species are closely related to each other.
C.the population of one species is much larger than that of the other.
D.both of the species are herbivores.
6.The word "graphically" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.vividly.
B.frequently.
C.broadly.
D.typically.
7.In paragraph 2, why does the author talk about what happened as a result of North and South America becoming joined at the Isthmus of Panama?
A.To make the point that predation can have as much effect on species survival as competition does.
B.To show how the ability to switch to an alternative resource can give a species a competitive advantage.
C.To account for the current species composition of North and South America.
D.To provide an example of the serious effects of competition between unrelated species.
8.Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause's experiments were important because they
A.provided a situation in which competition could be removed from the interaction between two species.
B.showed that previous ideas about the extent to which competition determines the composition of a community were completely mistaken.
C.helped establish that competition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche.
D.offered evidence that competition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of a single food source.
9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 3)? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Apparent exceptions to this law usually involves cases in which two species compete for the same major resource but occupy slightly different niches.
B.Although it may appear that two species always have different niches, many exceptions show that species compete with each other.
C.Cases in which two species not only compete for a shared resource but also occupy similar niches are considered exceptions to this law.
D.Cases in which the two species do not occupy that same niche yet still compete for the same resource are believed to be exceptions to this law.
10.According to paragraph 4, how does competition affect evolution?
A.It results in the evolution of physical structures that allow the species to compete with each other more effectively.
B.It results I the evolutionary extinction of all but one of the competing species.
C.It results in the competing species evolving in such a way that they no longer compete for the same resources.
D.It results in the competing species evolving to become so much like each other that competition between them eventually disappears.
11.According to paragraph 4, "species selection" is a misleading term because it
A.overemphasizes the role of selection pressure in species extinction.
B.suggests that selection pressures directly influence whole species.
C.does not make a distinction between species extinction and species evolution.
D.suggests that extinction always results whenever there is a competition.
12.The word "regulating" in the passage(paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to
A.controlling.
B.explaining.
C.observing.
D.stopping.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? That is, as the density of a population increases, competition has a greater impact and leads to greater mortality.
Competition may occur for any needed resource. ■【A】In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-waterbottom-dwelling marine organisms. ■【B】Indeed, it may be for any of the factors,physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. ■【C】Competition isusually the more severe the denser the population. ■【D】Together with predation, itis the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
When necessary resources are limited, competition can occur among individuals of the same species or of different species.
A.Competition can eliminate a species, but since most species do not depend on a single resource, competition is often reduced by switching to alternative resources.
B.Investigation of the ecological role of competition is difficult because ordinarily the competition cannot be observed directly and must be inferred from its presumed effects.
C.Competition between a pair of species tends to lessen over time because the species tend to evolve to occupy different ecological niches and ranges.
D.Competition between individual of the same species is usually for food whereas competition between species is usually for habitat.
E.Experiments and field observation have established that competition between species is strong enough to prevent two species from occupying the same ecological niche.
F.Competition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.
托福阅读TPO29答案第2篇:Competition
1.Mechanism本身是机制，原理的意思。从原文也可以推断出来。我们都知道进化是由于"物竞天择"的原因，原文这一句就是这个意思。因此这道题选择D。
2.通过competition among individuals of different species定位到红色标注句子，但这句并没提到任何一个选项，继续往后看，下一句的主语是代词it，指代intraspecies competition，因此后面也是对物种间竞争的描述。而这一句提到了是控制population的因素，对应了选项D。
3.Indigenous是本土的意思=A选项。B是稀少的，C是大部分的，D是无数的。 这个词义也可以从原文推断。原文最后半句，which引导的从句说由于欧洲引进的种族和which指代的东西竞争，是which灭绝了。往前看which引导的是"indigenous"新西兰动植物。可以推测A选项代入最合适。
4.这一段提到种族间竞争时的论点是可以控制不同种族的数量。然后举出了新西兰动植物作为了例子，而例子都是用来证明和支持观点的。因此选择B选项。
5.根据coexisting species定位到原文处，前文就是原因，因为资源供给充足。而coexistence of herbivores是给出的例证，coexistence herbivores间没有激烈竞争是因为它们都吃草，而草资源是非常充足的。理想答案是当资源充足时，竞争不会成为重要的影响因素。但原文没有，唯一合适的选择就是D，也就是原文提到的例证。
6.Graph是图画的意思，graphically也就是用图形地，可以推出生动地的意思。因此选择A. vividly. B选项是频繁地，C是广泛地，D是特别地。都不符合。
7.引出南北美洲物种竞争结果的主句是"The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated…"由此推断，南北美洲动物竞争的结果就是为了说明竞争的Effects。因此选择D。
A原文提到了，在最后的半句，但是前面的although说明了这不是主要观点。
8.通过Gause's experiments定位，文章在描述完实验内容后，说on the basis of these experiment，那么说明后面就是实验得到的结论。也就是law of competitive exclusion. 因此选择C。
9.原文中句子的主干是 seeming exceptions have been found，然后存在了转折逻辑之后说这种例外是可以被解释的。因此只有A符合。B，C，D都在一定程度上改变了原句的意思。
10.第一句就提到了问题所问的内容，说competition具有evolutionary importance。后面应该就是具体的解释。往后看说同一小生态环境中的竞争物种tend to….那么tend to的内容就是答案。对应的就是C，说使得其领地不再重叠，也就是不再同一区域内进行资源竞争了。
11.通过species selection定位到标注处，后面出现了转折，说这个描写是misleading的。往后肯定就会解释原因。原文说natural selection其实是直接作用在individual上的，而不是species上。所以错误。对应了B选项，"species selection 暗示了选择压力是直接作用于整个物种上的。"
12.最后一句是说它是最重要的在怎么样数量增长中，影响密度的因素。很容易理解是控制。因此选A。B是解释，C是观察，D是停止。
13.要插入的句子开头的that 一定是指代前文的一句话。并且跟density有关。而原文第一次出现density有关的词是在D选项前的一句话"denser"，插入后发现，插入的就是在进一步说明D前的那一句。而后文又补充了predation和competition对density的共同作用，逻辑关系吻合，意思通顺。
14.A正确，对应原文第二段第二，三句。B原文并没有这样的意思，一直在说是在竞争resource，不选。C后半句在原文中提到了，但s是并没有与前半句的这样的因果关系，不选。D正确，对应原文第3段的on the basis of那一句。E正确，对应原文第四段的第二句。
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