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剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test1)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
William Henry Perkin
The man who invented synthetic dyes
William Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.
As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.
At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.
At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.
During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family’s house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.
Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin’s discovery was made.
Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.
Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.
With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.
Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin’s ability as a student of chemistry.
2 Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.
3 Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.
4 Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.
5 The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.
6 Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.
7 Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur.
Questions 8-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
8 Before Perkin’s discovery, with what group in society was the colour purple associated?
9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new dye had?
10 What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkin invented?
11 What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own dye works?
12 In what country did Perkin’s newly invented colour first become fashionable?
13 According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Seeking the transmission of radio signals from planets
ii Appropriate responses to signals from other civilisations
iii Vast distances to Earth’s closest neighbours
iv Assumptions underlying the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence
v Reasons for the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence
vi Knowledge of extra-terrestrial life forms
vii Likelihood of life on other planets
Example Answer
Paragraph A v
14 Paragraph B
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph E
IS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE?
The Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence
The question of whether we are alone in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent civilisations. This search, often known by the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult one. Although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for three decades, it is only now that we have reached the level of technology where we can make a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.
A
The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity hethe same curiosity about the natural world that drives all pure science. We want to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that, we see around us on the planet. The simple detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy, their ages will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives us some cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven’t yet discovered.
B
In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.
C
Even when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited. We do not even know, for example, how many stars have planets, and we certainly do not know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.
D
An alien civilistation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups around the world, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of the searches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA million per year for ten years to conduct, a thorough search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted search using the world’s largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency rang 1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all of space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network.
E
There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have to be addressed by the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with a superior and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal to reach us, and a further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. It’s not important, then, if there’s a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply.
Questions 18-20
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.
18 What is the life expectancy of Earth?
19 What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations are SETI scientists searching for?
20 How many stars are the world’s most powerful radio telescopes searching?
Questions 21-26
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
21 Alien civilisations may be able to help the human race to overcome serious problems.
22 SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembles humans in many ways.
23 The Americans and Australians have co-operated on joint research projects.
24 So far SETI scientists have picked up radio signals from several stars.
25 The NASA project attracted criticism from some members of Congress.
26 If a signal from outer space is received, it will be important to respond promptly.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
The history of the tortoise
If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.
Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.
There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Plaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.
Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.
You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family three of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times.
Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.
Questions 27-30
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27 What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?
28 Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto lands?
29 Which physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?
30 which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?
Questions 31-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
31 Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.
32 It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.
33 The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.
Questions 34-39
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.
Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come from
Step 1
71 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined and a total of 34 ……………………. were taken from the bones of their forelimbs.
Step 2
The data was recorded on a 35 ……………….. (necessary for comparing the information).
Outcome: Land tortoises were represented by a dense 36 …………………………… of points towards the top.
Sea turtles were grouped together in the bottom part.
Step 3
The same data was collected from some living 37 ………………. species and added to the other results.
Outcome: The points for these species turned out to be positioned about 38 ……………… up the triangle between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.
Step 4
Bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results added.
Outcome: The position of the points indicated that both these ancient creatures were 39…………..
Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.
According to the writer, the most significant thing about tortoises is that
A they are able to adapt to life in extremely dry environments.
B their original life form was a kind of primeval bacteria.
C they have so much in common with sea turtles.
D they have made the transition from sea to land more than once.
剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test1)
PASSAGE 1参考译文：
William Henry Perkin 合成染料的发明者
Wiliam Henry Perkin于1838年3月12日出生于英国伦敦。还是个小男孩儿的时候，Perkin的好奇心就早早激发了他对艺术、科学、摄影与工程的兴趣。但是一次偶然的机会，他发现已故祖父家有一个破旧但功能齐全的实验室，正是这个发现使得这位年轻人确定了他对化学的热情。
当Perkin就读于伦敦城市学院时，他开始沉浸于对化学的研究。他的老师Thomas Hall发现了他在化学方面的天赋与热忱，鼓励其参加皇家学院著名科学家Michael Faraday的一系列讲座。Faraday的讲座进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情，于是后来，在1853年，15岁的Perkin成功进入皇家化学学院学习。
在Perkin入学时，皇家化学学院的院长正是著名的德国化学家August Wilhelm Hofmann。Perkin的科学天赋很快引起了Hofmann的注意，不到两年他就成了Hofmann最年轻的助理。不久之后，Perkin就取得了一项能为他带来名誉和财富的科学突破。
当时，奎宁是唯一可以治疗疟疾的药物。这种药物是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树的树皮中提炼出来的，而在1856年奎宁经常供不应求。因此，当Hofmann随口提到想用合成药物来替代奎宁时，自然而然，他的得意门生Perkin马上承担起了这项重任。
1856年，Perkin整个假期都待在他家顶楼的实验室里。他试图利用苯胺这种廉价又易得的煤焦油废料来制造奎宁。虽然他尽了最大努力，他最终并没有制造出奎宁;但却制造出了一种神秘的黑色沉淀物。幸运的是，长期的科学训练与自身的天性使他对该沉淀物进行了深入的研究。在实验过程中的不同阶段，他把重铬酸钾和酒精加入苯胺中，最终他得到了一种深紫色的溶液。正如著名科学家Louis Pasteur所说，“机会总是垂青有准备的人”，Perkin意识到了他的意外发明拥有巨大的潜力。
历来，纺织染料都是由诸如植物与动物排泄物等的天然原料制成的，其中一些原料，比如蜗牛黏液， 很难获得，而且价格极其昂贵。事实上，从蜗牛身上提取出来的紫色染料曾经一度非常贵，在当时的社会条件下，只有富人才能买得起。此外，天然染料的颜色偏浑浊而且很快就会褪色。Perkin的发明正是在这种大背景下诞生的。
Perkin很快想到这种紫色溶液可以用到织物的染色中，由此使其成为世界上第一种合成染料。意识到这项突破的重要性后，Perkin立即为其申请专利。但是在Perkin对自己发明的各种反应中，最有趣的也许是他几乎本能地想到这种新染料具有商业潜力。
起初Perkin把他发明的染料命名为泰尔紫(Tyrian Purple)，但是后来人们通常称其为木槿紫(mauve，法语中制造蓝紫色染料的植物的名字)。Perkin向苏格兰染料坊的老板Robert Pullar寻求建议，Pullar向他保证，如果这种颜色不会褪色，那么加工这种染料将大有“钱途”，而且成本相对低廉。因此，尽管他的导师Hofmann极力反对，Perkin还是离开了皇家学院，去为现代化学工业的诞生而奋斗了。
在父亲与兄弟的帮助下，Perkin在离伦敦不远的地方建立了一家工厂。1857年，他的染料坊开始生产世界上第一种合成染料，所用原料是廉价而充足的煤焦油，这种煤焦油是伦敦煤气路灯所产生的几乎无穷无尽的副产品。当法国皇后Eugenie看好这种新颜色后，Perkin的染料坊迎来了它的商业繁荣期。不久，木槿紫 就成了法国所有时尚女郎的必备品。英国女王Victoria也不甘示弱，身着木槿紫礼服出现在公共场合，这使得木槿紫在英国也风靡一时。这种染料颜色醒目、不易褪色，人们的需求越来越多，因此Perkin开始绘制新的蓝图。
虽然第一项发现使Perkin收获了名誉和财富，但是这位化学家仍然继续他的研究工作。他合成并给人们带来了众多其他颜色的染料，包括1859年合成的苯胺红、1863年合成的苯胺黑，以及19世纪60年代末期的帕金绿。值得注意的是，Perkin的合成染料的发明不仅为装饰领域作出了贡献，而且在医学研究的诸多方面也起到了至关重要的作用。比如合成染料预先被用于给肉眼看不见的微生物与细菌上色，这就使研究者能够辨别诸如肺结核、霍乱和炭疽之类的病菌。如今，人工合成染料还在继续发挥着至关重要的作用。而且，最应该让Perkin感到欣慰的是，合成染料目前正在被用于研究治疗疟疾的疫苗。
TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：
外星有生命存在吗?
——搜寻外星文明计划
人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命这个问题已经困扰我们几百年了，然而随着搜索来自其他智慧文明的无线电信号，现在我们或许离这个问题的答案已经不远了。这项也被称为SETI (search for extra?terrestrial intelligence, 搜寻外星文明)的计划进行起来非常困难。虽然世界各地的团体已经断断续续地搜寻了三十多年，然而直到现在，我们所达到的技术水平才允许我们下定决心去尝试搜寻附近所有附近星球上的任何生命迹象。
A 人类之所以搜索无线电信号，主要是出于一种基本的好奇心，正是这种对大自然的好奇心推动了所有纯科学的发展。我们想知道人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命。我们想知道在适宜的条件下，生命是否会自然形成。我们还想知道地球上是否存在某种特殊的物质，孕育了那些我们司空见惯的各种形式的生命体。只需监测一下无线电信号，这些最根本的问题就能够得到充分解答。从这种意义上来说，SETI 是纯科学系统发展的又一个重要推动力，而纯科学正不断拓宽着人类的知识范围。然而，人类之所以对其他地方是否存在生命这件事感兴趣，还有其他原因。比如，我们地球上的文明历史只有寥寥数千年，而过去几十年的核战争与污染的威胁告诉人类，我们的生命也许很脆弱。我们还能再延续两千年吗?还是将自我灭绝呢?既然像地球这样的星球拥有数十亿年的寿命，我们可以猜想，如果银河系中确实还有其他文明存在，那么它们的历史可能从零到数十亿年不等。因此，如果我们收到其他文明的信号，那它们的平均历史很有可能比人类历史长得多。只要这种文明存在，就说明生命是有可能长期存活的，同时也会带给我们一个保持乐观的理由。这些更古老的文明甚至有可能将其在应对生存威胁过程中积累下来的有益经验传授给我们，例如如何应对核战争与全球污染带来的威胁，以及如何应对其他我们尚未发现的潜在威胁。
B 在探讨我们是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命时，大多数SETI的科学家遵循两个基本原则。第一，UFOs (不明飞行物) 通常不在考虑范围内，因为大多数科学家认为UFO的存在缺乏确凿的证据，不做慎重考虑(尽管保持开放的思想也很重要，同时以防将来会出现令人信服的(关于UFO的)证据)。第二，我们保守地假定我们正在搜寻的生命形式和人类非常相似，如果完全不同，那么我们可能不会把它看作是一种生命形式，更不用说能否与它进行交流了。换句话说，我们正在搜寻的生命形式也许会有两个绿色的脑袋和七根手指，但是它们和人类一样，能与同伴进行交流、对宇宙充满兴趣、生活在一个围绕恒星公转的星球上，就像地球绕着太阳转一样。也许更严格地说，它们和我们一样，由基本的化学物质碳和水构成。
C 即使做出了这些假设，我们对其他生命形式的了解还是非常有限。比如，我们甚至不知道多少颗恒星有行星围绕，当然，我们也不知道在适宜的条件下，生命自然形成的可能性有多大。然而，当我们观测银河系中的1000亿颗恒星和可见宇宙中的1000亿个星系的时候，很难相信这些恒星中没有一个有生命存在。事实上，凭借我们仅有的一点对碳基生命的了解，我们所能做出的最有根据的推测是，或许每十万个恒星中的一个会有孕育着生命的行星围绕着它运转。这意味着我们最近的邻居离我们也许只有100 光年，从天文学角度来讲，这几乎就相当于和隔壁邻居的距离了。
D 外星文明可以选择多种不同的方式在银河系中发送信息，但是许多方式要么需要消耗过多的能量，要么在银河系中长距离传播时严重衰减。事实证明，在发射功率一定的情况下，频率在1000到3000兆赫 之间的无线电波传播的距离最远，所以到目前为止，我们主要在搜寻这个频率范围的无线电波。迄今为止，世界各地已经有许多不同的团体进行了多次搜寻，包括澳大利亚在新南威尔士的帕克斯用无线电天文望远镜进行的搜寻。直到现在，在已经搜寻过的几百个恒星中还没有任何发现。1992年，美国国会计划在以后的十年里每年为美国国家航空航天局投资1000万美元，用于对外星生命进行彻底搜寻。从那时起，搜寻的规模便开始大幅增加。项目中的很多资金用于开发可以同时搜索多个频率的特殊硬件 上。该项目分为两个部分，一部分是利用世界上最大的无线电天文望远镜进行有针对性的搜寻，分别通过位于波多黎各阿雷西沃港的、由美国操作的望远镜和位于法国南锡的、由法国操作的望远镜来完成。 这部分项目在距离最近的有可能接收到信号的1000颗活跃恒星中，对1000到3000兆赫的频率进行搜索。该项目的另一部分是利用美国国家航空航天局深空网的小天线进行不定向搜寻，监控所有不太活跃的宇宙空间。
E 如果我们真的发现了来自外星文明的信号，我们应该如何回应呢?这是一个备受争议的问题。所有人都认为我们不应该立即作出回应。且不说要马上向如此遥远的地方发出回应是多么不切实际，这还会引发一系列的民族问题，这些问题在回应被发出去之前必须由国际社会联合解决。如果面对一种更优越、更古老的文明，人类会不会面临着文化冲击呢?幸运的是，我们不需要立即作出回应，因为被搜寻的恒星离我们有数百光年之远，它们的信号到达我们这里需要数百年的时间，而我们作出的回应到达这些恒星又需要花上数百年。就这一点而言，当人类在争论是否要作出回应时，或者在精心起草回应内容的时候，再耽误个几年甚至几十年也没关系。
TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：
乌龟的进化史
如果追溯到远古时代，那时一切生物都生活在水里。在进化史的不同时期，各个动物种群中都有一些胆大的开始向陆地迁徙，有的甚至跑到了非常干旱的沙漠里，这些生物的血液与细胞液里还储存着曾经所生活海域里的海水。除了我们周围随处可见的爬行动物、鸟类、哺乳动物和昆虫以外，其他成功登陆的生物还包括蝎子、蜗牛和潮虫、陆蟹、千足虫、蜈蚣等甲壳类动物，还有蜘蛛及各种虫子。当然还有植物，如杲没有它们率先登陆，其他任何生物都不可能在陆地上生存。
从水里转移到陆地上使这些生物在方方面面都发生了巨大变化，包括呼吸和繁殖方式。然而，一大批动物彻底在陆地上安家后，却忽然回心转意，放弃了来之不易的陆上新生活，又重新回到了水中。海豹只恢复了部分水中生活的特征，向我们展示了演变过程中半成品的模样，而成品则是如鲸鱼和儒艮这样纯粹的海洋生物。鲸鱼(包括我们称作海豚的小鲸鱼)和儒艮，与它们的同类动物海牛一样不再是陆地动物，而是完全恢复了与老祖先一样的海洋生活习惯，它们甚至都不上岸繁殖。它们虽然仍呼吸空气，却没有进化出类似于鳃这样的早期海洋生物的器官。海龟在很早以前就回到了水中，和其他返回水中的脊椎动物一 样，它们也需要呼吸空气，但是却没有像鲸鱼和儒艮那样完全返回水中，这体现在一个方面——海龟仍然在海滩上产卵。
有证据表明，所有现代海龟的祖先都曾经生活在陆地上，比大多数恐龙在陆地上出现的时间还要早。 有两种可以追溯到恐龙时代早期的重要化石，分别是Proganochelys quenstedti (原颚龟化石)和 Potoeocfeersis tatompayewsis(古老的陆地龟化石)，它们与所有现代海龟和乌龟的祖先最为接近。你可能会问，我们是如何通过动物化石来判断它们是生活在水中还是陆地上的，尤其当我们只找到一些化石碎片的时候。有时候这个问题的答案很明显。鱼龙是与恐龙同时代的爬行动物，它有鱼鳍和流线型的身体。鱼龙化石看起来像海豚，它们确实和海豚一样曾经在水中生活。海龟在这一点上则没有这么明显。判断动物水生还是陆生的方法之一就是对它们前肢的骨骼进行检测。
耶鲁大学的Watter Joyce和Jacques Gauthier从三个方面对71种活的海龟和乌龟的特有骨骼进行了检测。他们用一种三角坐标纸分别标记了这三个方面的检测结果。所有陆栖乌龟的数据在三角坐标的上半部分形成了一簇密集的点，而所有水栖海龟的数据集中于下半部分。两部分数据没有重叠，除非在其中增加一些水陆两栖乌龟的检测结果。当然，这些数据出现在接近三角坐标中间的位置，位于水栖海龟与陆栖乌龟的坐标点之间。下一步就是确定具体的位置。毫无疑问，P. quenstedti与P. totompayewsis的坐标点正好位于陆栖乌龟的坐标点最密集的地方。这两种化石都是陆栖乌龟化石，而且都生存在海龟返回水里之前的时代。
也许你会认为，现代的陆栖乌龟可能自从早期有陆地生物以来就一直生活在陆地上，就像除了少数哺乳动物返回水中以外，大多数哺乳动物还在陆地上生活一样。但事实显然不是这样的。如果你画出所有现代海龟与乌龟的家谱图，会发现几乎所有的龟类分支都属于水栖动物。而现代的陆栖乌龟单独形成一个分支，穿插在水栖海龟的分支中。这说明自P. quenstedti与P. talampayensis的时代以来，现代的陆栖乌龟并没有一直在陆地上生活。更确切地说，它们的祖先曾经返回水中，只是在(相对)较近的年代又回到了陆地上。
因此很明显，乌龟曾往返于水中和陆地上生存。与所有的哺乳动物、爬行动物和鸟类一样，乌龟的老祖先是海洋中的鱼类。再向前追溯，它们也是海洋中类似蠕虫生物的原始细菌。后来，乌龟的祖先来到陆地 上并持续生活了相当长的年代，但后来又回到了水中，成为了水栖海龟。直到最后，它们再一次回到陆地上，成为陆龟，其中有一些甚至生活在干旱的沙漠中。
剑桥雅思阅读9原文解析(test1)
Passage1
Question 1
答案： FALSE
关键词： Michael Faraday the first person
定位原文: 第2段第2句“His talent and devotion…” 他的老师Thomas Hall发现了他在化学方面的天赋与热忱，鼓励其参加皇家学院著名科学家Michael Faraday的一系列讲座。
解题思路: 从这句话很容易看出，Thomas Hall是文中提到的第一个发现Perkin化学天赋的人，尽管文中没有用到the first person这样的确切说法，但是看完第二段就不难发现，这点的确是对的。因此，题中的说法与文中的事实相反。
Question 2
答案： NOT GIVEN
关键词： Michael Faraday, Royal College of Chemistry，suggested
定位原文： 第2段第3句“Those speeches fired…” Faraday的讲座进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情，在1853年，15岁的Perkin成功进入皇家化学学院学习。
解题思路： 这句话仅仅告诉我们，Perkin是在听了Faraday的讲座后，对化学的激情更加澎湃，进而考上了皇家化学学院，而并没有提到Faraday与Perkin进行直接接触或沟通，所以题目是对文章中出现的人和事的过分解读。
Question 3
答案： FALSE
关键词： employed, assistant，August Wilhelm Hofmann
定位原文： 第3段第1、2句“At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the…” 在Perkin入学时，皇家化学学院的院长正是著名的德国化学家August Wilhelm Hofmann。Perkin的科学天赋很快引起了Hofmann的注意，不到两年他就成了Hofmann最年轻的助理。
解题思路：从这两句话中可以清晰地看出Perkin和Hofmann之间的关系，前者是后者最年轻的助理， 题目的说法和文中的陈述是直接抵触的。
Question 4
答案： TRUE
关键词： rich and famous，still young
对应原文： 第3段最后一句“Not long after that, Perkin made…” 在这之后不久，Perkin就取得一项能为他带来名誉和财富的科学突破。
解题思路： 这里的“不久之后”，指的是Perkin成为Hofmann最年轻的助手之后，而成为助手是Perkin入学两年后的事情，第二段最后专门提到Perkin入学时只有15岁，所以可以推测出Perkin作出这项发现时也就十八九岁。经过这样的推断可知，题目的说法完全可以成立。
Question 5
答案： NOT GIVEN
关键词： only，quinine, South America
定位原文： 第4段第1句“At the time，quinine…” 当时，奎宁是唯一可以治疗症疾的药物。这种药物是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树的树皮中提炼出来的……
解题思路： 如果误把第一句中的only和第二句话结合，就很容易得出和题目一样的错误结论。 其实出题人的意图是说，当时只有奎宁可以治疗疟疾;而奎宁是从金鸡纳树的树皮里提炼出来的，金鸡纳树原产自南美洲。注意，这里出题人并没有说金鸡纳树只有南美洲才有。文中的说法不足以让考生得出如题目“出产奎宁的树木只能生长在南美洲”那样的结论。
Question 6
答案: TRUE
关键词: a coal tar waste product，hoped to manufacture
定位原文: 第5段第2句 “He was attempting to … ”他试图利用苯胺这种廉价又易得的煤焦油废料来制造奎宁。
解题思路：这句话很清晰地表明，Perkin的确希望用煤焦油废料产品苯胺来制造一种药物——奎宁。 此题难度很低，连动词manufacture都没有进行任何替换。
Question 7
答案： NOT GIVEN
关键词： Louis Pasteur，was inspired by
定位原文： 第5段最后一句“And, proving the truth of…” 正如著名科学家 Louis Pasteur所说，“机会总是垂青有准备的人”，Perkin意识到了他的意外发明拥有巨大的潜力。
解题思路： 出题人在这里引用Louis Pasteur的名言来证明Perkin的成功绝非偶然，是他不断发现、不断试验的结果，但并没有提到Perkin是受Louis Pasteur的发明激发才有了自己的发明。本题和第2题在出题方式上有异曲同工之妙，都是让Perkin和名人扯上了关系，而实际上这种关系文中并没有提到。
Question 8
答案: the rich
关键词: the colour purple
定位原文: 第6段第3句“Indeed, the purple colour…”
解题思路: The rich正好可以对应题目中what group in society,并且没有超过只能填两个字的字数限制，故答案应为the rich。
Question 9
答案: commercial possibilities
关键词: new dye
定位原文: 第7段最后一句 “But perhaps the most fascinating…”
解题思路： 寻找题干中的关键字new dye, 绕过沿途synthetic dye的陷阱，很快就能找到定位句，锁定答案是new dye 的宾语commercial possibilities。
Question 10
答案: mauve
关键词： name, finally, first colour
定位原文： 第8段第1句“Perkin originally named his dye…”
解题思路: 在此题中，考生需要注意题干中的关键副词finally, 此题指的是 Perkin的颜色最终被叫做什么，而不是起初被叫做什么。题干中的be referred to as是雅思阅读中经常出现的用法，等同于be known as / be named as / be defined as, 意为 “被称为…”答案是mauve。
Question 11
答案: Robert Pullar
关键词: the name of the person, consulted, before setting up
定位原文: 第8段的第2句“He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar,...”
解题思路: 本段提到Perkin在建立工厂之前，曾经征询苏格兰染料坊的老板Robert Pullar的意见，在得到Robert Pullar的建议之后，才开始建立自己的工厂。这里不要将Robert Pullar和Hofmann混淆，因为本段后半部分也提到了Perkin的恩师Hofmann。Hofmann是强烈反对Perkin这么做的。故本题答案是Robert Pullar。
Question 12
答案： France
关键词： what country, first
定位原文： 第9段第2、3句“Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal…”
解题思路： 此句话明确指出在Perkin的工厂首度造出了第一支人工合成材料后， 法国皇后Eugenie十分喜爱这种新颜色，于是Perkin的染料坊进入了它的商业繁荣期。故答案是France。
Question 13
答案： malaria
关键词： disease, now, synthetic dyes
定位原文： 第10段最后一句“And, in what would have been…”
解题思路： 寻找关键词 synthetic dye时，可能会被microbes, bacteria, tuberculosis, cholera, anthrax所迷惑。但是要注意的是都没有出现时间状语now。再继续向下寻找，就会发现 today, current等字眼，这说明这里才是真正的考点所在。仔细读这个句子不难发现，malaria(疟疾)才是正确答案。
Test 1 Passage 2
Question 14
答案: iv
关键词: assumptions, underlying
定位原文: B段第1句“In discussing whether we are alone, most…”
解题思路: 这句明确表明SETI科学家在搜寻外星人时遵循两个基本原则。Ground相当于题目中的 underlying, rules相当于题目中的 assumptions，接下来的文字叙述两个原则分别是什么。考生从首句可以很明确地判断出正确答案是iv。个别考生可能会看到second后面句子中的assumption— 词，进而看到a life form，就认为答案是vi，这种选择显然是以偏概全的，是不正确的。段意必须能够涵盖一整段内容，而不是某个部分或者某句话的内容。
因此本题答案是iv。
Question 15
答案: vii
关键词: likelihood of, lives, other planets
定位原文: C段第3句的后半句“… ; in fact, the best educated guess…”
解题思路: 这一段是无法仅仅从首句就判断答案的，需要读举例的内容，甚至读完整段，出题人不断用guess, estimate, perhaps, might这样的词来印证题干中的 likelihood一词。
Question 16
答案： i
关键词： radio signals, from
定位原文： D段第1、2句“An alien… It turns out…”
解题思路: 本段是文中首次正式提出搜寻外星生命的方法，radio waves一词不断被重复。Looking for相当于题目中的 seeking，radio waves 相当于 radio signals，所有剩余headings中只有i和ii谈到了 radio signals，从逻辑上推测不可能是ii，因为只有先搜寻外星信号，才可能谈到作回应的事情。故此题答案是i。
Question 17
答案： ii
关键词： appropriate responses
定位原文： E段第1句“There is considerate debate over…”
解题思路： 本段首句明确提出如果收到了外星文明信号， 人类应该如何回应的问题。React相当于题目中的responses。而how暗指appropriate。故答案是ii。
Question 18
答案: several billion years
关键词： life expectancy, Earth
定位原文： A段第9句“Since the lifetime of…”
解题思路: Earth这个词出现在A段的第九行。顺着这个词再向下找到lifetime, 显然这个词对应题目中的life expectancy(寿命)一词，读完本句发现答案应该是several billion years 。
Question 19
答案: radio waves
关键词： What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations
定位原文： D段第1句“An alien civilisation could choose…”
解题思路： 本题定位与上一题相隔较远。但是如果已经先完成了 List of Headings题目，就不难发现只有D段是在具体讲外星文明会选择哪种输送信息的方式。题目中问的是SETI科学家在搜寻从外星文明发来的哪一种信号，也就表明答案是个具体的信号形式，考生也就不难猜测答案是radio waves。注意，此处问的是信号的形式，而不是电波频率，因此填1000或者3000 MHz是不正确的。
Question 20
答案： 1000
关键词： How many, most powerful radio telescopes
定位原文：D段倒数第4句“The project has two parts. One part is…”
解题思路：通过阅读题目，发现要寻找的是恒星的数量。只要定位数字 就能迅速找到本题的位置。于是，考生找到1000这个数字，并且能迅速排除下方的1000到3000MHz。从1000这个数字向上看，考生可以看到 world’s largest radio telescopes与题目中的 most powerful radio telescopes 是同义表达。
Question 21
答案： YES
关键词： Alien civilisations / the human race
定位原文： A段最后一句“It is even possible that…” 这些更古老的文明甚至有可能将其在应对生存威胁过程中积累下来的有益经验传授给我们，例如如何应对核战争与全球污染带来的威胁，以及如何应对其他我们尚未发现的潜在威胁。
解题思路： 根据题干关键字alien civilisation以及List of Headings题目留下的线索，最终会发现A段的最后一句话能够对应本题。 be able to help能够对应文中的it is even possible, serious problems对应文中的threats。本题基本上属于同义词替换型的YES题目。
Question 22
答案： YES
关键词： SETI，resembles
定位原文： B段第3句“Second, we make a very conservative assumption…” 第二，我们保守地假定我们正在搜寻的生命形式和人类非常相似。
解题思路: 本句的定位可以根据顺序原则推测，We在这里指的就是SETI的科学家们，resemble humans指的是is pretty well like us。只要能顺利定位，就能够通过同义词转换解答。
Question 23
答案： NOT GIVEN
关键词： The Americans and Australians，Co-operated
定位原文： D段第3句“...，including Australian searches using…”
解题思路： 文章的D段虽然先提到了澳大利亚的搜寻工作，接着又提到了美国航空航天局负责的美国太空望远镜的搜索工作，但是并没有明确指出在这方面澳大利亚人和美国人有没有cooperate，合作这个概念完全是出题人的杜撰，遇到这种情况，应该选择NOT GIVEN。
Question 24
答案: NO
关键词: SETI scientists，have picked up
定位原文: D段第4句“Until now there have …” 直到现在，在已经搜寻过的几百个恒星中还没有任何发现。
解题思路：此题定位处位于上一题定位词Australian的后方，比较好找。文中明确指出迄今为止，科学家们还一无所获，而不是题目中所说的已经发现了信号。文中的have not been和题目中的have picked up相矛盾, 连时态都没有改变，是一道简单的同义词冲突型的NO。
Question 25
答案： NOT GIVEN
关键词： NASA, Congress, criticism
定位原文：D段第5句“The scale of the search…” 1992年，美国国会计划在以后的十年里每年为美国国家航空航天局投资1,000万美元，用于对外星生命进行彻底的搜寻。从那时起，搜寻的规模便开始大幅增加。
解题思路：文中仅仅说国会通过议案给NASA拨款来对外星人进行彻底的搜寻，并未涉及这个项目有没有遭到某些议员批评一说。因此本题属于完全未提及型NOT GIVEN。
Question 26
答案： NO
关键词： respond promptly
定位原文：E段第1、2句“There is considerable debate over…” 如果我们真的发现了来自外星文明的信号，我们应该如何回应呢?这是一个备受争议的问题。所有人都认为我们不应该立即作出回应。
解题思路：文中这句话明确指出了对待外星人信号的态度，那就是不能立即回应，这与题目中提出的马上作出回应完全相反。Immediately相当于promptly。
Test 1 Passage 3
Question 27
答案： plants
关键词： before any animals could migrate
定位原文：第1段最后一句话“And we musn’t…”
解题思路： 这句话指出，如果没有植物率先登陆，其他任何生物向陆地的迁徙都不可能完成。这吻合题目中的before any animals could migrate。故答案应该是plants。
Question 28：
答案： breathing and reproduction (in either order)
关键词： TWO processes, make big changes, moved onto land
定位原文：第2段第1句话“Moving from…”
解题思路： 题目问的是：动物要想迁徙到陆地上，必须在哪两个方面作出巨大的改变?此题定位可以根据顺序原则锁定在第二段，而第二段第一句话就提到Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction.这句话中的redesign对应题目中的changes。 故答案应该是breathing和reproduction。(并列答案，顺序无关紧要)
Question 29：
答案： gills
关键词： physical feature, whales, lack
定位原文：第2段第5句“Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and…”
解题思路：先根据题目关键字定位到whale, 然后通读whale所在的句子，在这段叙述中，作者最后指出虽然鲸鱼仍呼吸空气，却没有进化出类似于鳃这样的早期海洋生物的器官。所以考生可以得出结论，鲸鱼缺乏的其实就是gills。故答案应该是gills。
Question 30：
答案： dolphins
关键词： ichthyosaurs, Resemble
定位原文：第3段倒数第4、3句“Ichthyosaurs were reptilian…”
解题思路： 定位句中的contemporaries是理解重点，指的是“同时代的人，同时代的事物”，这里说明鱼龙年代久远，和恐龙是同时代的动物，但是并不说明鱼龙和恐龙相像(其实也不大可能嘛)。而后半句的look like，就完全呼应题目中 的resemble, 这才是真正答案所在。
故答案应该是dolphins。
Question 31：
答案： NOT GIVEN
关键词： Turtles，the first group
定位原文：第2段倒数第2句“Turtles went back to the sea…” 海龟在很早以前就回到了水中，和其他返回水中的脊椎动物一样，它们也需要呼吸空气。
解题思路：文中在第二段的后半部分第一次提到了乌龟，这就是本题的定位点。寻找turtle一词后，文中这句话说很久以前，乌龟就重新返回海洋，但是并没有说明是不是第一批回海洋这个概念。实际上，整篇文章中都没有讨论到关于the first的问题，所以此题属于完全未提及型NOT GIVEN题。
Question 32：
答案： FALSE
关键词： fossilised remains, incomplete, always difficult
定位原文： 第3段第3句“You might…” 你可能会问，我们是如何通过动物化石来判断它们是生活在水中还是陆地上的，尤其当我们只找到一些化石碎片的时候。
解题思路： 在第三段中寻找fossilised一词，很快找到对应词fossil。接着读到fragments，可以对应题目中的incomplete, on land or in water对应题目中的where an animal lived。但题目中的叙述过于绝对，It is always difficult与文中Sometimes it’s obvious明显相抵触。
Question 33：
答案： TRUE
关键词： ichthyosaurs, can be determined by, appearance
定位原文：第3段倒数第4、3句“Ichthyosaurs were reptilian…” 鱼龙是与恐龙同时代的爬行动物，它有鱼鳍和流线型的身体。鱼龙化石看起来像海豚，它们确实和海豚一样曾经在水中生活。
解题思路：通过ichthyosaurs一词很好确定。文中提到鱼龙的化石看上去像海豚，因此鱼龙肯定生活在海里。这等于举个例子向我们说明只要从鱼龙化石的外表就能够判定它的栖息地，与题目的意思完全吻合。
Question 34：
答案： three measurements
关键词： 71, a total of
定位原文：第4段第1句“...obtained three measurements in these particular…”
解题思路：利用数字71，很快就可以将此题定位。但是要注意在该句中并没有提到题目中的forelimbs。该词出现于上一段的最后一句，在此句中则以these particular bones来指代，要多加注意。如果能够顺利突破这个小障碍，很快就能发现正确答案。正确答案为three measurements。
Question 35：
答案： (triangular) graph
关键词： data, a
定位原文：第4段第2句“They used a kind of triangular graph…”
解题思路：顺着上一题的对应点找下来，可以顺利找到a kind of,这个词组可以等同于题目中的不定冠词a。因此可以初步判定a kind of后面的triangular graph paper可能就是要填写的答案。题目要求NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS，而triangular graph paper有三个词， 只好牺牲最无关紧要的paper。
Question 36：
答案： cluster
关键词： Land tortoises, a dense, points
定位原文：第4段第3句“All the land tortoise species…”
解题思路：题目中需要填的词位于短语a dense of points 中，只要定位到陆龟这个词，再顺着向下读到a tight cluster of points即可。这个词组的结构和题目中的词组一模一样，只是将dense和tight做了替换。正确答案为cluster。
Question 37：
答案： amphibious
关键词： Sea turtles, living, added to
定位原文：第4段第4句“There was no overlap, except when they…”
解题思路： 此题的定位可以根据上一题最后一句话中的sea turtles定位到第四段water turtle后面这句话。从题目可以得知从某种物种搜集的数据被添加到了结果中去。Add一词是解题的关键。读完这句话，很容易发现被添加的物种是既可以在陆上生活，也可以在水中生存的两栖物种。
Question 38：
答案： half way
关键词： up the triangle between
定位原文： 第4段第5句“Sure enough, these amphibious…”
解题思路： 此题十分简单，找到两栖物种之后寻找between，between前面的half way, 就是本题所要的答案。
Question 39：
答案： dry-land tortoises
关键词： P. quenstedti, P. talampayensis, The position of the points, both
定位原文： 第4段倒数第2句“Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises.”
解题思路： 用两个专有名词可以顺利找到第四段结尾处。然后利用题目中的The position of the points锁定在Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster.答案就是之后的那句。正确答案为dry-land tortoises 。
Question 40：
答案： D
关键词： the most significant thing, tortoises
定位原文：参见解题思路解析
解题思路： 题目：作者认为关于乌龟最重要的一件事情是：A.它们能够适应极其干燥的环境。B.它们生命的最初形态是某种原始细菌。C.它们与海龟十分相似。D.它们不止一次从海洋迁徙到陆地。最后一段首句就表明Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return, 含义为“因此很明显，乌龟曾往返于水中和陆地上生存。”选项A中所说的干燥环境，选项B中所说的原始细菌，以及选项C中提到的海龟，在最后一段中悉数登场，但是没有一个是题目论述的核心。题目的真正意图就是想告诉考生乌龟finally retuned yet again to the land as tortoises。故答案应该选D。
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