剑桥雅思阅读4test1原文翻译及答案解析

楚薇分享 2020-06-13 11:27:54

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剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test1)

　　READING PASSAGE 1

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

　　Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes — about the duration of a normal classroom period. In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests — what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them — independent of any formal tuition. It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken.

　　Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.

　　Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools.

　　The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator.

　　Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitats.

　　Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life.

　　The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity.

　　One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth.

　　In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important.

　　The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests.

　　Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers.

　　Questions 1-8

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　1 The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.

　　2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their classrooms.

　　3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the ‘pure’ science that they study at school.

　　4 The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.

　　5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as ‘Are there any rainforests in Africa?’

　　6 Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests’ destruction.

　　7 The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of rainforests.

　　8 A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’s ideas about rainforests.

　　Questions 9-13

　　The box below gives a list of responses A-P to the questionnaire discussed in Reading Passage 1.

　　Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses A-P.

　　Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

　　9 What was the children’s most frequent response when asked where the rainforests were?

　　10 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests?

　　11 What did most children give as the reason for the loss of the rainforests?

　　12 Why did most children think it important for the rainforests to be protected?

　　13 Which of the responses is cited as unexpectedly uncommon, given the amount of time spent on the issue by the newspapers and television?

　　A There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the rainforests.

　　B The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western Europe.

　　C Rainforests are located near the Equator.

　　D Brazil is home to the rainforests.

　　E Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to live.

　　F Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of plants.

　　G People are responsible for the loss of the rainforests.

　　H The rainforests are a source of oxygen.

　　I Rainforests are of consequence for a number of different reasons.

　　J As the rainforests are destroyed, the world gets warmer.

　　K Without rainforests there would not be enough oxygen in the air.

　　L There are people for whom the rainforests are home.

　　M Rainforests are found in Africa.

　　N Rainforests are not really important to human life.

　　O The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging activity.

　　P Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing existence.

　　Question 14

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D or E.

　　Write your answer in box 14 on your answer sheet.

　　Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 1?

　　A The development of a programme in environmental studies within a science curriculum

　　B Children’s ideas about the rainforests and the implications for course design

　　C The extent to which children have been misled by the media concerning the rainforests

　　D How to collect, collate and describe the ideas of secondary school children.

　　E The importance of the rainforests and the reasons for their destruction

　　READING PASSAGE 2

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

　　What Do Whales Feel?

　　An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

　　Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.

　　The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.

　　The sense of vision is developed to different degree in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater — specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whale and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii — have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.

　　On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as well. And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.

　　Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American boutu and Chinese Beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.

　　Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation1. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.

　　1. echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes.

　　Questions 15-21

　　Complete the table below.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.

　　SENSE SPECIES ABILITY COMMENTS

　　Smell toothed no evidence from brain structure

　　baleen not certain related brain structures are present

　　Taste some types poor nerves linked to their 15………are underdeveloped

　　Touch all yes region around the blowhole very sensitive

　　Vision 16……… yes probably do not have stereoscopic vision

　　Dolphins, porpoises yes probably have stereoscopic vision 17………and………

　　18………

　　yes probably have stereoscopic vision forward and upward

　　Bottlenose dolphins yes exceptional in 19………and good in air-water interface

　　Boutu and beiji poor have limited vision

　　Indian susu no probably only sense direction and intensity of light

　　Hearing most large baleen yes usually use 20………; repertoire limited

　　21………whales and ………whales

　　yes song-like

　　Toothed yes use more of frequency spectrum; have wider repertoire

　　Questions 22-26

　　Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

　　22 Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?

　　23 What species swims upside down while eating?

　　24 What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?

　　25 Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability?

　　26 Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

　　Visual Symbols and the Blind

　　Part 1

　　From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. But pictures are more than literal representations. This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig. 1). I was taken aback. Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about 1877.

　　When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved lines. When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines — or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not clear. So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion.

　　To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the wheel. I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto.

　　All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.

　　In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was the favoured description for the blind in every instance. What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.

　　Part 2

　　Words associated Agreement

　　with circle/square among

　　subjects (%)

　　SOFT-HARD 100

　　MOTHER-FATHER 94

　　HAPPY-SAD 94

　　GOOD-EVIL 89

　　LOVE-HATE 89

　　ALIVE-DEAD 87

　　BRIGHT-DARK 87

　　LIGHT-HEAVY 85

　　WARM-COLD 81

　　SUMMER-WINTER 81

　　WEAK-STRONG 79

　　FAST-SLOW 79

　　CAT-DOG 74

　　SPRING-FALL 74

　　QUIET-LOUD 62

　　WALKING-STANDING 62

　　ODD-EVEN 57

　　FAR-NEAR 53

　　PLANT-ANIMAL 53

　　DEEP-SHALLOW 51

　　Fig. 2 Subjects were asked which word in each pair fits best with a circle and which with a square. These percentages show the level of consensus among sighted subjects.

　　We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well. One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart — choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning.

　　We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a square. For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

　　All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. (See Fig. 2.) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to circle. In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects — 53% — had paired far and near to the opposite partners. Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.

　　Questions 27-29

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

　　27 In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind people.

　　A may be interested in studying art.

　　B can draw outlines of different objects and surfaces.

　　C can recognise conventions such as perspective.

　　D can draw accurately.

　　28 The writer was surprised because the blind woman

　　A drew a circle on her own initiative.

　　B did not understand what a wheel looked like.

　　C included a symbol representing movement.

　　D was the first person to use lines of motion.

　　29 From the experiment described in Part 1, the writer found that the blind subjects

　　A had good understanding of symbols representing movement.

　　B could control the movement of wheels very accurately.

　　C worked together well as a group in solving problems.

　　D got better results than the sighted undergraduates.

　　Questions 30-32

　　Look at the following diagrams (Questions 30-32), and the list of types of movement below. Match each diagram to the type of movement A-E generally assigned to it the experiment. Choose the correct letter A-E and write them in boxes 30-32 on your answer sheet.

　　A steady spinning

　　B jerky movement

　　C rapid spinning

　　D wobbling movement

　　E use of brakes

　　Questions 33-39

　　Complete the summary below using words from the box.

　　Write your answers in boxes 33-39 on your answer sheet.

　　NB You may use any word more than once.

　　In the experiment described in Part 2, a set of word 33…… was used to investigate whether blind and sighted people perceived the symbolism in abstract 34…… in the same way. Subjects were asked which word fitted best with a circle and which with a square. From the 35… volunteers, everyone thought a circle fitted ‘soft’ while a square fitted ‘hard’.

　　However, only 51% of the 36…… volunteers assigned a circle to 37…… . When the test was later repeated with 38…… volunteers, it was found that they made 39…… choices.

　　associations blind deep hard

　　hundred identical pairs shapes

　　sighted similar shallow soft

　　words

　　Question 40

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

　　Write your answer in box 40 on your answer sheet.

　　Which of the following statements best summarises the writer’s general conclusion?

　　A The blind represent some aspects of reality differently from sighted people.

　　B The blind comprehend visual metaphors in similar ways to sighted people.

　　C The blind may create unusual and effective symbols to represent reality.

　　D The blind may be successful artists if given the right training.

　　剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test1)

　　Passage1

　　参考译文

　　无论大人还是孩子都经常会遇到这样的报道，那就是热带雨林正在以惊人的速度消失。打个比方，孩子们很容易就能理解这样一个图例，即平均每四十分钟，也就是一节课的时间内，世界上就会有相当于一千个足球场大小的热带雨林遭到破坏。面对媒体频繁且生动的报道，也许不需要任何正规的教育，孩子们就能够形成一系列有关热带雨林的观点：比如说雨林是什么，位置在哪里，为什么如此重要，又是什么在威胁它们等等。当然，这些观点也很有可能是错的。

　　许多研究表明孩子们对于在学校里学到的科学知识心存误解。这些误解不是孤立存在的，而是组成了一个尽管多层面却十分有条理的概念体系，这一点使得该体系本身及其所有的组成观点更加难以攻破，有些观点本身甚至就是错误的，但是也正是这样，它们反而更容易被改动。这些错误观点正是由于孩子们从大众煤体上吸收了信息而形成的。有时连这些信息本身都是错误的。学校似乎也没能够给们提供一个再度阐述自己观点的机会，因此宠师及其他学生也不能帮助其检验及纠正这种错误观点。

　　尽管媒体对于热带雨林所遭受的破坏做了大量的报道，但是有关孩子相关观点的信息却少之又少。所以，目前这项研究的目的就是要给教师提供这样的信息来帮助他们设计自己的教学策略，以便帮助学生构筑正确的观点，置换他们的错误概念，并在学校中展开环保研究项目。

　　该项研究调査了孩子有关热带雨林的科学知识以及态度。研究要求一些中学生填写一份包含了五个简答题的调査表。对于第一个问题，最常见的解答就来自“热带雨林”这一名称所附带的不言自明的含义。有些孩子把雨林描述成一个又潮又湿或闷热的地方。第二个问题是关于雨林的地理位置的，大多数答案都提到了国名或洲名：百分之四十三的孩子写了非洲，百分之三十写了美洲;还有百分之二十五的人认为热带雨林主要分布在巴西。有些孩子给出了如“赤道附近”这样更为宽泛的答案。

　　第三道题目问及了热带雨林的重要性。百分之六十四的学生认为雨林为动物提供了栖身之所。较少的学生回答说雨林是植物的生长地。更少的学生提到了雨林中的土著居民。其中，有百分之七十的女孩子认为雨林是动物的家，而男孩子中只有百分之六十的人执此观点。

　　相似的是，有百分之十三的女生认为热带雨林为人类提供了居所，而男生中有此想法的人只占百分之五。这些观点与先前就学生对热带雨林的开发及保护状况所做的研究的结果基本一致，该结果表明女生更容易表现出对小动物的同情，其观点也更容易将内在价值观基于动物而非人类生命上。

　　第四个问题问到了热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。值得庆幸的是，过半的学生(百分之五十九)都认为是人类的行为导致了这一破坏，有人甚至用“我们”这样的字眼将问题与自身联系起来。大概有百分之十八的学生将这一破坏归咎于滥砍滥伐。

　　百分之十的学生错误地认为是酸雨导致了雨林的破坏，还有百分之十的学生觉得污染才是罪魁祸首。看来学生们是将热带雨林所受的破坏与上述因素对西欧森林的毁坏混为一谈了。百分之四十的学生认为热带雨林为人们提供了氧气，在某种程度上，这样的答案也包含着一个误解，那就是认为热带雨林的消失会减少大气中氧气的含量，最终导致地球上的大气不再适合人类呼吸。

　　在被问及雨林保护的重要性时，大部分学生只是认为人类离开雨林就无法生存。只有寥寥百分之六的人提到热带雨林的消失会导致全球变暖。鉴于媒体对这个问题长篇累牍的报道，这样的结果真是有点出人意料。还有些学生认为保不保护雨林根本无关紧要。

　　研究结果表明，在学生们对雨林的观点中，某些观点明显占上风。在有些问题上，比如说热带雨林是植物、动物及人类的栖息地以及天气变化与雨林破坏之间的关系等，学生们的回答又表明了他们在一些基本科学知识上的误区。

　　学生们给出的答案并不能够表明他们了解热带雨林所遭受破坏的原因的复杂性。换言之，没有任何迹象表明他们了解热带雨林对人类来讲到底如何重要以及那些破坏行为背后所潜藏的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。然而，值得欣慰的是，其他类似环保研究的结果表明，大孩子们已经具备了鉴赏、理解以及评价矛盾观点的能力。而环保教育正是为这些能力的养成提供舞台，这一点对于孩子们成为未来的政策制定者是至关重要的。

　　Passage2

　　参考译文

　　What Do Whales Feel?

　　An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

　　鲸鱼的感官

　　鲸目动物(包括鲸、海豚、鼠海豚等晡乳动物)的感官功能测试

　　对我们人类以及其他的陆地哺乳动物来说，有些感官是与生俱来的，然而对于鲸鱼来讲，这些功能要么已经衰退或彻底消失，要么就无法在水中正常发挥作用。比如说从齿鲸的大脑结构来看，它们是嗅不到气味的;而须鲸虽然有与嗅觉相关的脑部结构，可是我们却无法判断这些结构是否起作用。据推测，由于鲸鱼的气孔进化并最终移到了头部的正中，所以掌管嗅觉的神经纤维几乎全部不见了。同样，尽管有些鲸鱼也有味蕾，但这些味觉器官要么已经退化，要么就根本没有发育。

　　有人认为鲸鱼的触觉也不发达，不过这个观点很可能是错误的。训练人工饲养海豚和小鲸鱼的人常常会评论他们的小动物对于触碰和抚摩的敏感度。而无论是人工饲养还是放养，几乎所有种类的鲸鱼个体之间都会进行频繁的接触，特别是在成年鲸鱼和幼鲸之间或同一亚群的成员之间。这种接触有助于维护同一种群内部的秩序，而且对大多数鲸鱼而言，抚摸和触碰也是求偶仪式的一部分。气孔周围的部分尤其敏感，一旦被触碰，人工饲养的鲸鱼就会有激烈的反应。

　　不同种类的鲸鱼，视觉发达程度也各不相同。通过研究一只被人工饲养了一年的小灰鲸，以及通过对阿根廷和夏威夷沿海所放养的露脊鲸和座头鲸的研究及拍摄，人们发现在封闭水域中的须鲸显然可以利用视觉来追踪水下的物体，而且它们无论在水中或空气中视力都相当好。但是眼睛的位置如此严重地限制了须鲸的视野，以致于它们可能不具备立体视觉。

　　从另一方面来看，大多数海豚和江豚眼睛的位置表明它们是拥有向前及向下的立体视觉的。淡水海豚经常侧游，或是在吃东西的时候肚皮朝上游泳，这就表明眼睛的位置使它们拥有向前及向上的立体视觉。相反的是，宽吻海豚在水中视力就很敏锐，而从它观察及追踪空中飞鱼的方式来看，它在水天交界面的视力也相当好。尽管之前的实验证据表明，海豚在露天环境中可能是睁眼瞎，然而，它们能够从水中跃起很髙，并且能够准确地吃到训练员手中的小鱼，这就有趣地证明了上述观点是错误的。

　　当然，这些变异可以通过这些品种所生长的环境来解释。比如说，对于宽广清澈水域中的鲸鱼来说，视觉显然就有用的多;而对于那些住在混浊的河流或水淹的平原上的品种来说，视力显然就没什么大用。比如，南美洲亚马逊河中的江豚以及中国的白鳍啄视力都相当有限，而印度河中的江豚根本看不见东西，它们的眼睛已经退化成了两条窄缝，除了感知一下方向和光的强度几乎没什么作用。

　　尽管鲸鱼们的味觉和嗅觉严重衰退，在水中的视觉又不那么确定，然而这些缺陷完全可以被它们那高度发迖的听觉系统所弥补。尽管鲸鱼们音域不同，但是大多数鲸鱼都很会“唱歌”，而且还能用回声定位法来觅食。大个子须鲸只能用低频发声，除此之外就黔“鲸”计穷了。当然也有些著名的例外：比如夏天里北极露脊鲸歌曲般的合唱，还有座头鲸那复杂的、令人难以忘怀的低语。与须鲸相比，齿鲸们可以更多地利用频谱，发出多种声音，当然，抹香鲸只会发出一系列单调激烈的喀哒声。有些复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，然而想要搞清楚它们在鲸鱼的社会生活及文化中到底起何作用，与其说是严谨科学研究的对象，不如说是丰富想像力的结果。

　　Passage3

　　参考译文

　　Visual Symbols and the Blind

　　盲人与视觉符号

　　Part 1

　　第一部分

　　最近的几次研究表明，盲人可以理解用轮廓线和透视法来描述物体排列及空间平面的方法。但是，图画不只是表面意思的体现。在研究中，一名盲人女性自发地画出了一个转动的车轮，这就引起了我对上述事实的极大关注。为了展示这样一个动作，她在圆圈中画了一条曲线(见图1)。我大吃一惊。像她所使用的这种运动线是插图史上最近的发明。实际上，正如艺术学者David Kunzle指出的那样，Wilhelm Busch，一名引领潮流的19世纪卡通画家，直到1877年才开始在其最流行的人物身上使用运动线。

　　当我要其他接受研究的盲人对象画出转动中的车轮时，一种特别聪明的画法反复出现了：几个人把车条画成了曲线。当被问到为什么要用曲线的时候，他们都说这是喑示运动的一种带有隐喻意味的方法。多数原则会认为从某种角度来讲，这个图案充分地表示了运动。但是就此而言，曲线是不是比，比如说虛线，波浪线或者其他任何一种线条，更能说明问题呢?答案是不确定的。所以我决定测试一下，不同的运动线是否就是表现运动的恰当方式，而或它们只是一些特殊的符号而已。进一步而言，我还想找出盲人和普通人在诠释运动线时的不同之处。

　　为了找出答案，我用凸起线条做出了五幅有关轮子的画，车条被画成大曲线，小曲线，波浪线，虚线以及超出车轮的直线。然后，我让18名盲人志愿者抚摩这些轮子，并且将它们分别与下列运动中的一个搭配：不稳定地转动，飞速转动，稳定地转动，颠簸和刹车。参照组则是由来自于多伦多大学的18名普通大学生组成的。

　　除了一个人，其他所有的盲人都将具体的动作与车轮搭配了起来。大多数人猜测被画成大曲线的车条表示车轮正在稳定地转动;而他们认为波浪线车条表示车轮在不稳定地转动，小曲线则被认为是车轮正在颠簸的象征。受试者推测，超出车轮边缘的车条代表车轮正处在刹车状态，而虚线车条则说明车轮正在飞快地旋转。

　　另外，在毎种情况下，普通人喜爱的表达与盲人喜爱的基本一致。更有甚者，盲人之间的共识几乎与普通人的一样高。因为盲人不熟悉运动装置，因此这个任务对他们而言相当困难。然而，很明显，盲人不仅能够搞清楚每种运动线所代表的意义，而且作为一个团队，他们达成共识的频率也不比普通人低。

　　Part 2

　　第二部分

　　我们还发现盲人同样可以理解其他的视觉隐喻。有个盲人女性在心形中画了个小孩儿——她说选择心形是为了表示这个孩子周围充满了爱。于是，我和刘长虹，一名来自中国的博士生，开始探索盲人对如心形这样含义不直白的图形的象征意义，到底理解到了何种程度。

　　我们给普通受试者一张有二十对词的单子，并且要求他们从每一对词当中挑一个最能代表圆形的词以及一个最能代表方形的词。举个例子，我们会问：“哪个形状和柔软有关?圆形还是方形?哪个形状表示坚硬?”

　　所有的受试者都认为圆形代表柔软，方形代表坚硬。高达94%的人将快乐归给了圆形，而没有选悲伤。但是在其他词组上，不同意见就出现了：79%的人分别认为圆是快的而方是慢的，圆是弱的而方是强的。只有51%的人将深与圆形相连，将浅与方形相连(见图2)。当我们用同样的单子去测试四个完全失明的人时，他们的选择几乎与普通受试者的一模一样。有个先天失明的人做得极好。他的选择只有一个与众不同，那就是把“远”与方形联系起来而把“近”同圆形联系起来。实际上，也只有刚刚过半53%的普通受试者认为圆形代表远，而方形代表近。因此，我们可以得出结论，盲人同普通人一样能够理解抽象的图形。

　　剑桥雅思阅读4原文解析(test1)

　　Question 1

　　答案：FALSE

　　关键词：media

　　定位原文：第1段第3句“In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage…”;“Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests…”

　　解题思路：这两段当中的frequent/vivid/extensive/coverage等词都说明媒体对于热带雨林的现状十分关注，并做了广泛报道。

　　Question 2

　　答案：FALSE

　　关键词：children/classroom

　　定位原文：第2段第3句“These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media。”这些观点可能是学生从大众媒体中获得的。

　　解题思路：这句话证明学生也从大众媒体中吸取有关热带雨林的观点，而并不是只从课堂中得到相关知识。

　　Question 3

　　答案：TRUE

　　关键词：pure/ mistaken

　　定位原文：第2段第1句“Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science.”

　　解题思路：这句话是题干的同义替换，学生关键需要掌握“harbour”在这里的意思等于“hold”。

　　Question 4

　　答案：TRUE

　　关键词：framework/easier

　　定位原文：第2段第2句“These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted，but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.”

　　解题思路：解这题的关键是要明白题干中的“easier to change”和文中的“accessible to modification”是同义替换。

　　Question 5

　　答案：FALSE

　　关键词：yes/no

　　定位原文：第4段第2句“Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.”

　　解题思路：Open-form指简答题，与yes/no直接矛盾。

　　Question 6

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：more likely than

　　定位原文：第5段第4句“More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitats.”

　　第6段第1句“Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats.”

　　解题思路：虽然这两句话分别将男生女生作了比较，但是比较内容并不是关于热带雨林破坏的错误观点，所以此题属于并不存在的比较关系。

　　Question 7

　　答案： TRUE

　　关键词：follow on from

　　定位原文：第6段第2句“These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests…”

　　解题思路：“previous”一词是先前的意思，证明在此研究之前，人们也就学生对热带雨林的看法做了研究，因此本文所提到的调査是在这些研究之后进行的。

　　Question 8

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：primary/second

　　解题思路：文中直到最末尾也从未提到这项研究是否会继续，所以此题属于无中生有。

　　Question 9

　　答案：M

　　关键词：where/ rainforests

　　定位原文：第4段第6句“The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%).”

　　解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为M。

　　Question 10

　　答案：E

　　关键词：importance/rainforests

　　定位原文：第9段第1句…the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive.

　　解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为E。

　　Question 11

　　答案：G

　　关键词：reason/loss

　　定位原文：第7段第2句“...more than half of the pupils(59%)identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests,...”

　　解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为G。

　　Question 12

　　答案：P

　　关键词：important/protected

　　定位原文：第5段第2句“The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats.”

　　解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为P。

　　Question 13

　　答案：J

　　关键词：uncommon/issue

　　定位原文：第9段第2句至第3句“Only a few of the pupils(6%)mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue.”

　　解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为J。

　　Question 14

　　答案：B

　　关键词：title

　　定位原文：无

　　解题思路：从文章第二段开始，一直在围绕孩子对热带雨林容易产生错误的理解，因此本文重点应该放在孩子对热带雨林遭破坏状况的观点上，故要选择一个带有孩子的标题。

　　Question 15

　　答案：taste buds

　　关键词：taste

　　定位原文：第1段第5句“Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.”

　　解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是taste buds。

　　Question 16

　　答案：baleen whales

　　关键词：stereoscopic vision

　　定位原文：第3段第3句“However，the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.”

　　解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是baleen whales。

　　Question 17

　　答案：forward downward (IN EITHER ORDER)

　　关键词：Dolphins, porpoises

　　定位原文：第4段第1句“On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward.”

　　解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是forward和downward。

　　Question 18

　　答案：(the) freshwater dolphin(s)

　　关键词：forward and upward

　　定位原文：第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward.”

　　解题思路：根据关键词定位，可知答案为freshwater dolphin(s)。

　　Question 19

　　答案：(the) water

　　关键词：bottlenose dolphin

　　定位原文：第4段第3句“By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water inter?face as well.”

　　解题思路：题干中的exceptional和文中的extremely是同义替换，所以根据定位句答案应该为water。

　　Question 20

　　答案：(the) lower frequencies

　　关键词：most large baleen

　　定位原文：第6段第3句“Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire.”

　　解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是(the) lower frequencies。

　　Question 21

　　答案：bowhead humpback (IN EITHER ORDER)

　　关键词：song-like

　　定位原文：第6段第4句“Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales.”

　　解题思路：根据song-like定位到该句话，可知答案为bowhead和humpback。

　　Question 22

　　答案：touch/sense of touch

　　关键词：mating

　　定位原文：第2段第3句“This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species.”

　　解题思路：这里的mating和文中的courtship ritual是同义替换，所以答案应为touch或者sense of touch。

　　Question 23

　　答案：freshwater dolphin(s)

　　关键词：upside down/eating

　　定位原文：第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding...”

　　解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是freshwater dolphin(s)。

　　Question 24

　　答案：airborne flying fish

　　关键词：follow/under the water

　　解题思路：题目中的“follow”和文中的“tracks”是同义替换，根据定位句信息，可知答案是airborne flying fish。

　　Question 25

　　答案：clear water(s)/clear open water(s)

　　关键词：habitat/good visual ability

　　定位原文：第5段第句“For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains.”

　　解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是clear open water(s)。

　　Question 26

　　答案：(the) acoustic sense

　　关键词：best/cetaceans

　　定位原文：第6段第1句“Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense.”

　　解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是acoustic sense。

　　Question 27

　　答案：C

　　关键词：first paragraph

　　定位原文：第1段第1句“From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space.”

　　解题思路：根据定位句可知，说的是盲人能够理解outlines和perspectives的使用。故正确答案为C。

　　Question 28

　　答案：C

　　关键词：surprised/blind woman

　　定位原文：第1段第3-5句“This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig.1). I was taken aback. Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration.”

　　解题思路：这段话说到让作者惊讶的是一个盲人女性决定靠自己的能力绘出正在旋转的轮椅。故正确答案为C选项。

　　Question 29

　　答案：A

　　关键词：Part1/ blind subjects

　　定位原文：第5段第4句“Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion，but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.”

　　解题思路：从“not only…but…came up with the same meaning as least as frequently as did sighted subjects” 可以得出A选项正确。这里并没有说比sighted subjects会好，所以D选项是不对的。

　　Question 30

　　答案：E

　　关键词：无

　　定位原文：Part1第4段最后一句“Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on...”

　　解题思路：这段话恰好说明辐条超出了车轮的周界是使用了刹车，所以正确答案为E。

　　Question 31

　　答案：C

　　关键词：无

　　定位原文：Part1第4段最后一句“...and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.”

　　解题思路：这句话的意思是虚线辐条表示车轮在快速转动，故正确答案为C。

　　Question 32

　　答案：A

　　关键词：无

　　定位原文：Part1第4段第2句“Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily…”

　　解题思路：这句话的意思是曲线辐条表示车轮在稳定的转动，故正确答案为A。

　　Question 33

　　答案：pairs

　　关键词：Part2/a set of word

　　定位原文：Part2第2段第1句“We gave a list of twenty pairs of word of words to sighted subjects...”

　　解题思路：此空要求填一个名词，而词库中只有associations, pairs, shapes, words四个词是名词，从意思上判断，words和shapes显然不太合适，最后只能填pairs。

　　Question 34

　　答案：shapes

　　关键词：abstract

　　定位原文：Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.”

　　解题思路：Abstract是形容词，空里要求填个名词。从对应句可以看出改名词为shapes。

　　Question 35

　　答案：sighted

　　关键词：circle/soft/hard/square

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第1句“All our subjects deemed the hard/square circle soft and the square hard.”

　　解题思路：虽然在这句话中没有出现sighted这个词，但是根据上一整段的内容推测，此处的subjects指得是sighted subjects.

　　Question 36

　　答案：sighted

　　关键词：51%

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square.(See Fig.2.)

　　解题思路：这题依然没有出现sighted这个词，但是同上题，根据上文可以推测出这里的volunteers指的是sighted subjects。

　　Question 37

　　答案：deep

　　关键词：51%

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square.(See Fig.2.)

　　解题思路：根据定位句可知，这里填的词应该是deep。

　　Question 38

　　答案：blind

　　关键词：repeated/volunteers

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第5句“When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects.”

　　解题思路：这句话是说被测试者是blind volunteers，故正确答案为blind。

　　Question 39

　　答案：smilar

　　关键词：choices

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第7句“He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle.”

　　解题思路：“Consensus”是共识的意思，从这句话我们可以知道盲人们对如何搭配基本可以达成一致意见。

　　Question 40

　　答案：B

　　关键词：conlusion

　　定位原文：Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.”

　　解题思路：这句话刚好是B选项的同义替换，意思是我们能够推断出盲人诠释abstract shapes与视力正常的人是一样的。

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