托福写作字数和分数到底有怎样的关系
托福写作词数写的越多，得分就会越高?这话对不对呢?为什么很多托福考生在考场上洋洋洒洒写了五六百词，写作分数却并不高?托福写作字数和分数之间到底存在着一种什么样的关系呢?来看看下文吧!
托福写作字数和分数到底有怎样的关系
首先，我们先来看看托福写作“the longer, the better”这种说法的合理之处。
托福考试的写作部分是由Human rater(真人评分)和E-rater共同评分，最终取加权平均值。Human rater非常看重文章内容的充实，也就是考生是否能够在相应的段落中给出合理且清晰的理由、例证和细节把问题表述清楚。这样一来，如果中间发展段只有寥寥几笔，考生肯定不能把问题讲清楚，从而在Development这个维度上就达不到考试的要求。而E-rater虽然读不懂考生文章的内容，却能够通过the length of discourse elements(话语元素长度)这一标准对于考生的中间发展段进行评估。The length of discourse elements(话语元素长度)主要评估考生文章的两个方面：
平均句长
也就是文章的平均每个句子包含的单词数量。如果一个考生内容没有进行有效发展，也就是说该考生没有什么内容可写，E-rater就会默认考生的句子一定写不长;反过来，如果一个考生内容发展充实，那么该考生的句子一定有丰富的内容表述，此时写出来的句子一定不会很短。
中间发展段句子数量
也就是每个理由段考生写了多少个句子进行支撑自己的观点。如果考生内容没有发展，中间理由段也就没什么话说，这时候中间段就不会有太多的句子进行支撑;反过来，如果一个考生内容发展充实，那么该考生中间段一定有多个句子从不同细节角度进行支撑自己的观点。
其实托福考试评分标准中并没有把词数达标作为一个衡量标准，但是建议考生写作词数不少于300词，因为一般来说，少于300词的托福独立写作文章内容发展不会那么充实，也就是说词数不够直接影响到了评分维度中的Development一项。
但是，是不是一个考生词数写的多就能够证明文章发展充实从而得到高分呢?
我们来看一组ETS研究论文中的数据。下图为了研究方便，ETS的工作人员使用了传统写作的6分制评分重新设定了托福的分数(也就是6分为满分)：
在上图中，我们可以看到，满分(6分)的文章大都是词数为400词左右的文章，且当文章的词数达到了一定范围(400词以上)，写作分数上没有了明显的变化。
在上图中可以看到，独立写作抽样了476篇文章，其中最高分的文章有102篇，写的最多的词数为586词，写的最少的词数竟然只有261词(这就是为什么上文中提到独立写作的建议词数是300词，而不是硬性要求词数，当然，对于大多数考生来说，由于缺乏娴熟的语言驾驭能力，很难用这么少的词数把内容表述清楚)，其平均词数只有385.3个词;同时，在低分档(2分)的文章中最多词数有507个词的，这时候你还会觉得词数越多得分越高吗?
抛开数据不看，我们也能够理解，一篇文章好坏除了内容是否写得充实外，还需要考虑内容的相关度、语言的质量以及语句之间的逻辑衔接等。很多同学为了凑词数而大量背诵没有意义的模板句，与主题关联性不是很大的例子，这样不仅不会得到高分，反而会在考试中丢分。
在托福的独立写作中，除了文章结构组织(这一点大多数考生只要接受过正规的培训基本都没什么问题)和语言的正确使用(这一点需要考生课下的积累)之外，文章的发展，也就是具体的内容，往往决定着考生的分数。一般来说，内容充实的文章往往能够得到高分，同时，内容充实的文章词数一般也不会太少。如果只关注词数本身而忽略了文章内容，就会造成“词数多，分数高”的假象。
再通俗一点说，饭店里菜的分量多一般用大盘子装，而大盘子端上来的菜分量不一定多。
如何快速提升托福综合写作?概括和转述是两大核心
对托福综合写作阅读内容的总结和阐释不能照抄阅读文章原文，概括能力和 转述能力成为了综合写作的两大核心能力。新东方在线托福网为大家带来托福综合写作的两大核心能力，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福网!
在综合写作中，对综合写作阅读内容的总结和阐释不能照抄阅读文章原文，因此 概括能力(summarization skills)和 转述能力(paraphrasing skills)成为了综合写作的两大核心能力。
所谓概括能力，是指将段落中的论据或细节通过递进、并列、转折、因果等关系进行组织。
我们来看下列的段落：
The online questionnaire is able to feature many online options to help a respondent complete the survey that normally he or she might not be able to receive. For example, there could be a glossary to explain an unknown word. Also, the questionnaire submission is much easier, done at the click of a button instead of wasting time and effort via mailing the forms.
这个段落的分论点是many online options(在线选项)可以帮助很多问卷调查者(respondents)更好地完成问卷。通过论据和细节的展开，我们知道这些 online options 既包括 glossary 对不熟悉的单词进行解释，又包括easy submission.
所以用一句话来概括这段话，应该为：
There are more online features that are helpful for questionnaire respondents, such as glossaries to explain unfamiliar words and easy submissions at the click of a button.
再如：Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields of food, fruit, or other products, and be hardier. This allows tree farmers to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well.
这个段落的分论点是 genetically modified trees(转基因树木)带来许多经济利益。通过论据和细节的展开，我们知道这是因为 genetically modified trees 生长的更快、产量更大、更为耐寒;而这些特质使得树农投资回报更快、更多，并且节约了杀虫剂的开支。
用一句话来概括这段话，应该为：
Genetically modified trees bring tree farmers many economic benefits, including favorable returns on their investment and savings on pesticides.
所谓 转述能力，是指需要通过明显地改变原句表达方式或者浓缩、提炼核心意思去改写原文。
Youngsters who watched educational children’s television for several hours a week had higher scores on academic tests three years later.
寻找youngsters, educational children’s television, several, higher scores等单词或短语的同义词，原句转述为：
Young children who watched a few hours of educational programs a week had better test scores three years later.
>>> 方法二：词性转换法
Telecommuting can bring numerous benefits to both employees and employers.
转化为benefit(动词)：
Both employees and employers can benefit from telecommuting.
转化为beneficial(形容词)：
Telecommuting is beneficial to both employees and employers.
beneficiaries(名词，表示人)：
Both employees and employers can be beneficiaries of telecommuting.
>>> 方法三：主动和被动语态转换法
For the price of one regular paperback novel, several book files could be purchased.
将原句的被动语态(could be purchased)转化为主动语态(people could purchase)：
For the same price as one paperback novel, people could purchase several book files.
>>> 方法四：句子结构转换法
句子结构转换法是最为常用的方法——通过将句子间结构的转换，进而对原有的句子进行转述。句子间结构的转换，即包括简单句、并列句和从句间的转换，也包括不同从句(包括宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等)之间的相互转换，以及不同句型结构的使用(包括形式主语结构、强调结构、插入语结构、非谓语结构、虚拟语气结构等)。
(1)简单句和从句子间的转换
There has been an upsurge in the prevalence of electronic books due to rapid advancements in technology.(简单句)
Because there have been rapid advancements in technology, the prevalence of electronic books has experienced an upsurge.(原因状语从句)
(2)宾语从句和定语从句间的转换
The study suggests that television may have a positive influence on children’s intellectual development. (宾语从句)
According to the study, television may positively influence the way that children’s intelligence develops. (定语从句)
(3)非谓语结构的使用
If students can receive instructions at home on the television, they can save time, money, and fuel on transportation.(条件状语从句)
Receiving instructions from television at home, students can save time,money, and fuel on transportation. (非谓语结构)
The carbon dioxide leads to the worldwide greenhouse effect, which causes the sea level to rise and produces negative impacts on weather.(定语从句)
The carbon dioxide raises the sea level and negatively influences weather, leadingto the greenhouse effect worldwide.(非谓语结构)
在综合写作写作过程中，句子转述的四种方法很少“单独使用”，而往往“组合使用”。
托福写作范文：自己独住还是和别人分享宿舍
托福写作题目
You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students. Would you rather have the university assign a student to share a room with you, or would you rather choose your own roommate? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer. 在大学里，喜欢自己独住还是和别人分享宿舍?
托福写作范文
I’d rather have the university assign a roommate. As far as I’m concerned, having a roommate is part of the university experience. Students should meet new people and be open to new experiences. I think the university will choose an appropriate roommate for me.
Even though the university will choose, it’s not totally a random situation. We all filled out personality questionnaires. The school knows what we’re majoring in, what our interests are, and our study habits and our goals. Besides, if a mistake is made, I can change my room assignment next semester and find a new roommate or a new room.
If I did want to choose my own roommate, first I would have to pick some candidates from the list given to me by the university. Then I’d write to them and they’d write back. Through our letters, we’d find out if we have common ground and similar personalities, such as sports or movies. Through my investigation, I’d probably get someone compatible with me. It’s a lot of work to go through so many candidates. Besides, the process of finding similar interests isn’t all that different from what the university does.
But I might choose someone who sounds just like me and still find that the two of us just don’t get along as roommates. I’d rather be with someone who has different interests and likes to do different things, so my roommate could be different from me. This isn’t a problem, but I hope they can be understanding as to our differences. One of the reasons I’m going to the university is to be exposed to a lot of new experiences. So, I’d rather have the university choose my roommate.
托福写作满分要素剖析
一. 语言表达
本文的观点新颖，摒弃了传统的对称式辩论写法，层层递进的解释了自己的论据，阐述了自己的论点。除了文章首段的主旨段，之后的每一段都以一个让步句作为首句，然后再从正反两面论述自己的分论点。逻辑结构严密谨慎。由此可知，大家在写作文的时候不要怕自己的论点标新立异与众不同，只要能做到言之有理，论点充分，逻辑严谨，最终能够自圆其说，一样会得到考官的青睐。
1. As far as I’m concerned, having a roommate is part of the university experience. 此句中as far as I’m concerned, doing sth is part of the some experience 表示我认为做什么事儿是什么经历的一种，类似句型有：In my perspective, it is part of the university for me to have a roommate.
2. Through my investigation, I’d probably get someone compatible with me. It’s a lot of work to go through so many candidates. 这两个句子看似各自独立，却是转折的关系。是说虽然我能通过调查找到合适的室友，但我得为此花很大的精力。句中get someone compatible with someone 的同义词组为 be compatible with someone， 意为和某人相处融洽。
3. But I might choose someone who sounds just like me and still find that the two of us just don’t get along as roommates. 此句中But + 句子，and still find that + 从句，也是经典的转折句式，表示虽然怎么样，但是还是会怎么样。体现了作者语言的丰富性和多样性。
4. One of the reasons I’m going to the university is to be exposed to a lot of new experiences. 此句中one of the reasons someone be doing sth is …是一种常用的句式，表示某人做某事的原因之一是…。除此之外be exposed to在这里表示面临，接受。
二 逻辑结构
本文是一个递进的结构，开始说了作者即使学校给选择室友，也不是完全随机的，这是一个让步段。后面作者说了学校选择室友的机制其实和自己挑选是一样的。并在最后一段进行递进升华，即使作者没有找到相同兴趣的室友，反而更好，因为这样作者可以体会到不一样的人生观和世界观。
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